The Na/Cl-Coupled, Broad-Specific, Amino Acid Transporter SLC6A14 (ATB): Emerging Roles in Multiple Diseases and Therapeutic Potential for Treatment and Diagnosis.

Amino acids are essential building blocks of all mammalian cells, and amino acid transporters play a vital role in transporting them into cells and their further distribution among the various cellular compartments. There are ~ 430 known transporters in the solute-linked carrier (SLC) gene family, divided into 52 distinct families. Eleven of these gene families contain one or more amino acid transporters. These transporters differ significantly from each other in terms of substrate specificity, ion dependence, and energetics. Given the variety of roles they fulfill in human physiology, it is not surprising that a number of diseases are associated with the malfunction of these transporters. In particular, as amino acids are critical for cell growth, survival, and proliferation, the role of amino acid transporters in cancer is gaining increasing attention in recent years. The present review primarily focuses on one particular amino acid transporter, SLC6A14 (also known as ATB), with regard to its relevance to specific diseases, including cancer, and the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease-related alterations in the expression of the transporter. Furthermore, the review highlights the possible utility of this transporter in drug delivery and also its therapeutic potential for the treatment and diagnosis of cancer.