Lundh Lars-Gunnar
Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
Integr Psychol Behav Sci. 2018 Mar;52(1):52-66. doi: 10.1007/s12124-017-9412-8.
The present paper outlines the nature of a three-dimensional ontology and the place of psychological science within this ontology, in a way that is partly similar to and partly different from that of Pérez-Álvarez. The first dimension is the material realities, and involves different levels (physical, chemical, biological, psychological, etc.), where each level builds on a lower level but also involves the development of new emergent properties, in accordance with Bunge's emergent materialism. Each level involves systems, with components, structures and mechanisms, and an environment. This dimension can be studied with natural scientific methods. The second dimension is the subjective-experiential realities, and refers to our subjective perspective on the world. In accordance with Husserl's phenomenology, it is argued that this subjectivity does not exist in the world (i.e., should not be reified as an object among other objects), but represents a perspective on the world that we enter in our capacity as conscious human beings. Essential characteristics of this subjectivity (such as intentionality, temporality, embodiment, and intersubjectivity) can be explored by phenomenological methods. The third dimension is the social-constructional realities, and includes social institutions, norms, categories, theories, and techniques. It is argued that psychological science spans over all three dimensions. Although almost all psychological research by necessity starts from a problem formulation where the subjective-experiential dimension plays an essential role (either explicitly or implicitly), most of present-day psychological research clearly emphasizes the material dimension. It is argued that a mature psychological science needs to integrate all three dimensions.
本文概述了三维本体论的性质以及心理科学在该本体论中的地位，其方式与佩雷斯 - 阿尔瓦雷斯的方式部分相似，部分不同。第一个维度是物质现实，涉及不同层次（物理、化学、生物、心理等），根据邦格的突现唯物主义，每个层次都建立在较低层次之上，但也涉及新的突现属性的发展。每个层次都涉及具有组成部分、结构和机制以及环境的系统。这个维度可以用自然科学方法进行研究。第二个维度是主观体验现实，指的是我们对世界的主观视角。根据胡塞尔的现象学，有人认为这种主观性并不存在于世界之中（即不应被实体化为其他对象中的一个对象），而是代表了我们作为有意识的人类所进入的对世界的一种视角。这种主观性的本质特征（如意向性、时间性、具身性和主体间性）可以通过现象学方法来探索。第三个维度是社会建构现实，包括社会制度、规范、类别、理论和技术。有人认为心理科学跨越所有三个维度。虽然几乎所有的心理学研究必然从一个问题表述开始，其中主观体验维度起着至关重要的作用（无论是明确还是隐含的），但当今大多数心理学研究显然强调物质维度。有人认为，一门成熟的心理科学需要整合所有三个维度。
