Short-Chain Fatty Acids Suppress Inflammatory Reactions in Caco-2 Cells and Mouse Colons.

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate, play an important role in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. In the present study, anti-inflammatory effects of SCFAs were examined in human intestinal Caco-2 cells and mouse colonic cultures. Stimulation of Caco-2 cells with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α induced interleukin (IL)-8 (TNF-α, 17.1 ± 7.2 vs Control, 1.00 ± 0.26, P < 0.01) and IL-6 expression (TNF-α, 21.7 ± 10.0 vs Control, 1.00 ± 0.28, P < 0.01) through the activation of nuclear factor κB p65, spleen tyrosine kinase, and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Pretreatment of cells with acetate (5 mM, IL-8 1.23 ± 0.40, IL-6 2.19 ± 0.92, P < 0.01 ), propionate (2.5 mM, IL-8 2.45 ± 2.10, IL-6 2.19 ± 0.92, P < 0.01), or butyrate (0.625 mM, IL-8 1.44 ± 0.70, IL-6 2.31 ± 0.32, P < 0.01) suppressed inflammatory responses induced by TNF-α. Pharmacological inhibition of monocarboxylate transporter (MCT)-1 attenuated the suppression of inflammatory signals by SCFAs. High expression levels of CXC motif chemokine ligand 2 (CXCL2, an IL-8 homologue, DSS, 31.7 ± 9.8 vs Control, 1.00 ± 0.70, P < 0.01) and IL-6 (DSS, 17.5 ± 7.2 vs Control, 1.00 ± 0.68, P < 0.01) were observed in BALB/c mouse colonic cultures exposed to dextran sodium sulfate, whereas treatments with mixtures of SCFAs decreased these elevated expression levels (CXCL2 4.14 ± 2.88, IL-6 0.58 ± 0.28, P < 0.01). Our results suggest that SCFAs transported by MCT-1 suppress TNF-α-induced inflammatory signaling in intestinal cells.