Park John Chulhoon, Chang Leechung, Kwon Ho-Keun, Im Sin-Hyeog
Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Cell Mol Immunol. 2025 Aug 14. doi: 10.1038/s41423-025-01333-3.
Emerging research underscores the pivotal role of the gut-immune-brain axis, a dynamic bidirectional communication system involving intricate interactions between the gut microbiota, immune responses, and the central nervous system. Gut microbes and their metabolites have profound effects on immune and neurological homeostasis, influencing the development and function of multiple physiological systems. Disruption of the composition of the gut microbiota and barrier integrity has been implicated in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorder, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, depression, and anxiety. Most insights into these host-microbiota interactions come from preclinical models, revealing both the complexity and potential therapeutic opportunities of the gut-brain communication pathways. This review synthesizes the current understanding of these intricate interactions, exploring how microbiota-driven modulation of the gut and brain barriers, immune signaling, and neuronal pathways, such as those through the vagus nerve, contributes to health and disease. We further explore therapeutic implications, including personalized precision microbiota interventions, microbiome-derived biomarkers, and barrier-strengthening strategies. Advancing this field offers transformative potential for developing innovative, personalized therapies tailored to individual microbiomes and immune profiles, ultimately redefining clinical approaches to neurological and immune-mediated diseases.
新兴研究强调了肠道 - 免疫 - 脑轴的关键作用，这是一个动态的双向通信系统，涉及肠道微生物群、免疫反应和中枢神经系统之间的复杂相互作用。肠道微生物及其代谢产物对免疫和神经稳态具有深远影响，影响多个生理系统的发育和功能。肠道微生物群组成和屏障完整性的破坏与各种神经和精神疾病有关，包括自闭症谱系障碍、阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、抑郁症和焦虑症。对这些宿主 - 微生物群相互作用的大多数见解来自临床前模型，揭示了肠道 - 脑通信途径的复杂性和潜在治疗机会。本综述综合了对这些复杂相互作用的当前理解，探讨了微生物群驱动的肠道和脑屏障调节、免疫信号传导以及神经元途径（如通过迷走神经的途径）如何影响健康和疾病。我们进一步探讨了治疗意义，包括个性化精准微生物群干预、微生物组衍生的生物标志物和屏障强化策略。推进该领域研究为开发针对个体微生物群和免疫特征的创新个性化疗法提供了变革潜力，最终重新定义神经和免疫介导疾病的临床治疗方法。
