Chong Timothy E, Davies Helen M S
Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.
J Anat. 2018 Mar;232(3):407-421. doi: 10.1111/joa.12763. Epub 2017 Dec 14.
The objective of this research was to investigate how the range of flexion and extension of the canine elbow joint is constrained by the mechanical connections and attachments of soft tissue structures. The skin, a section of deep fascia and several muscles from both forelimbs from six adult greyhounds and seven other breeds were sequentially transected or removed, over 13 steps. During each step, repeated measurements of elbow flexion and extension were recorded using a goniometer. Only marginally significant changes to the range of flexion occurred in any of the 13 steps or overall for the greyhounds. Clearly significant changes to extension occurred in several dissection steps. Removing the skin resulted in a significant increase in elbow extension of 1.7° ± 0.3 (P < 0.001) in the greyhounds and 1.6° ± 0.3 (P < 0.001) in the other breeds. Severing the deep fascia from the humerus and its connections across the elbow joint resulted in the largest significant change in elbow extension of 9.9° ± 0.3 (P < 0.001) in the greyhounds and 6.9° ± 0.7 (P < 0.001) in the other breeds. Transecting the biceps brachii m. close to the elbow resulted in an increase of 2.8° ± 0.3 (P < 0.001) in the greyhounds but a non-significant change in the other breeds. Transecting the extensor carpi radialis m. from its origin resulted in an increase of 5.5° ± 0.4 (P < 0.001) in the greyhounds and 3.9° ± 0.7 (P < 0.001) in the other breeds. These results suggest that the collagenous framework and attachments of the skin, deep fascia, and extensor carpi radialis m., play a significant role in the function of the canine elbow by restricting it from overextension and hence stabilising it during periods of loading, in a variety of different canine breeds, and that these structures are functionally integrated into the way the forelimb supports the bodyweight separately from any involvement of muscle tone or muscle movements. Observations on the anatomical connections of the deep fascia between the cranial distal humerus and the antebrachial fascia highlighted its probable importance in relating movements between the shoulder and the carpus.
本研究的目的是调查犬肘关节屈伸范围是如何受到软组织结构的机械连接和附着的限制。对6只成年灵缇犬和7只其他品种犬的双前肢的皮肤、一段深筋膜和几块肌肉，分13步依次进行横断或切除。在每一步中，使用角度计重复记录肘关节的屈伸情况。在这13步中的任何一步或对灵缇犬整体而言，肘关节屈曲范围仅有轻微的显著变化。在几个解剖步骤中，肘关节伸展出现了明显的显著变化。去除皮肤后，灵缇犬的肘关节伸展显著增加了1.7°±0.3（P<0.001），其他品种犬增加了1.6°±0.3（P<0.001）。从肱骨切断深筋膜及其跨过肘关节的连接，导致灵缇犬肘关节伸展的最大显著变化为9.9°±0.3（P<0.001），其他品种犬为6.9°±0.7（P<0.001）。在靠近肘关节处横断肱二头肌，灵缇犬的肘关节伸展增加了2.8°±0.3（P<0.001），而其他品种犬无显著变化。从桡侧腕长伸肌起点处横断该肌，灵缇犬的肘关节伸展增加了5.5°±0.4（P<0.001），其他品种犬增加了3.9°±0.7（P<0.001）。这些结果表明，皮肤、深筋膜和桡侧腕长伸肌的胶原框架及附着，在犬肘关节功能中发挥着重要作用，通过限制其过度伸展，从而在各种不同犬种负重期间使其稳定，并且这些结构在功能上整合到前肢支撑体重的方式中，与肌肉张力或肌肉运动的任何参与无关。对肱骨远端前部与前臂筋膜之间深筋膜的解剖连接的观察突出了其在关联肩部和腕部运动方面可能的重要性。
