Department of Oral, Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada.
College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York.
J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2018 Aug;106(6):2493-2512. doi: 10.1002/jbm.b.34049. Epub 2017 Dec 20.
Bone is a composite material composed of collagen and calcium phosphate (CaP) mineral. The collagen gives bone its flexibility while the inorganic material gives bone its resilience. The CaP in bone is similar in composition and structure to the mineral hydroxyapatite (HA) and is bioactive, osteoinductive and osteoconductive. Therefore synthetic versions of bone apatite (BA) have been developed to address the demand for autologous bone graft substitutes. Synthetic HA (s-HA) are stiff and strong, but brittle. These lack of physical attributes limit the use of synthetic apatites in situations where no physical loading of the apatite occurs. s-HA chemical properties differ from BA and thus change the physical and mechanical properties of the material. Consequently, s-HA is more chemically stable than BA and thus its resorption rate is slower than the rate of bone regeneration. One solution to this problem is to introduce a faster resorbing CaP, such as β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), when synthesizing the material creating a biphasic (s-HA and β-TCP) formulation of calcium phosphate (BCP). The focus of this review is to introduce the major differences between BCP and biological apatites and how material scientists have overcome the inadequacies of the synthetic counterparts. Examples of BCP performance in vitro and in vivo following structural and chemical modifications are provided as well as novel ultrastructural data. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 2493-2512, 2018.
骨是一种由胶原蛋白和磷酸钙（CaP）组成的复合材料。胶原蛋白赋予骨的柔韧性，而无机材料赋予骨的弹性。骨中的 CaP 在组成和结构上与矿物质羟基磷灰石（HA）相似，具有生物活性、成骨诱导性和骨传导性。因此，已经开发出了合成骨磷灰石（BA）的版本来满足对自体骨移植物替代品的需求。合成 HA（s-HA）坚硬且强度高，但易碎。这些物理特性的缺乏限制了合成磷灰石在不会对磷灰石施加物理负载的情况下的使用。s-HA 的化学性质与 BA 不同，因此会改变材料的物理和机械性能。因此，s-HA 比 BA 更稳定，因此其吸收速度比骨再生速度慢。解决此问题的一种方法是在合成材料时引入更快吸收的 CaP，例如β-磷酸三钙（β-TCP），从而创建磷酸钙（BCP）的双相（s-HA 和 β-TCP）配方。本篇综述的重点是介绍 BCP 和生物磷灰石之间的主要区别，以及材料科学家如何克服合成物的不足。还提供了 BCP 在结构和化学修饰后的体外和体内性能的示例，以及新颖的超微结构数据。© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J 生物材料研究杂志 B：应用生物材料，106B：2493-2512，2018 年。
