Maulik Dev, Nanda Navin C, Maulik Devika, Vilchez Gustavo
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UMKC School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA.
Cardiovascular Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
Echocardiography. 2017 Dec;34(12):1760-1767. doi: 10.1111/echo.13713.
Congenital heart disease (CHD), the most common congenital malformation, is associated with adverse outcome. Development of fetal echocardiography has made prenatal diagnosis of CHD a reality, and in the process revolutionized its management. This historical review briefly narrates this development over the decades focusing on the emergence of the primary modalities of fetal echocardiography comprised of the time-motion mode, two-dimensional B-mode, spectral Doppler, color Doppler, and three- and four-dimensional cardiac imaging. Collaboration between clinicians and engineers has been central to these advances. Also discussed are the accuracy and impact of fetal echocardiography on the management of CHD, and especially its role in the prenatal diagnosis of critical CHD in individualizing the management and improving the outcome. Despite these advances, most cases of CHD are not identified prenatally, emphasizing the continuing need for further technological and educational innovation and improvement.
先天性心脏病（CHD）是最常见的先天性畸形，与不良预后相关。胎儿超声心动图的发展使先天性心脏病的产前诊断成为现实，并在此过程中彻底改变了其治疗方式。这篇历史回顾简要叙述了几十年来的这一发展，重点关注胎儿超声心动图主要模式的出现，包括时间-运动模式、二维B模式、频谱多普勒、彩色多普勒以及三维和四维心脏成像。临床医生和工程师之间的合作一直是这些进展的核心。还讨论了胎儿超声心动图在先天性心脏病管理中的准确性和影响，特别是其在严重先天性心脏病产前诊断中对个体化管理和改善预后的作用。尽管取得了这些进展，但大多数先天性心脏病病例在产前并未被识别，这突出表明持续需要进一步的技术和教育创新与改进。
