Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea; Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea.
Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
Environ Pollut. 2018 Apr;235:302-311. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.080. Epub 2018 Jan 4.
The spatial distribution of old and new halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), and Dechlorane Plus (DPs) and related compounds (Dechloranes), were investigated in the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica, employing mosses (Andreaea depressinervis and Sanionia uncinata) and lichens (Himantormia lugubris and Usnea antarctica) as bioindicators. The levels of PBDEs, HBCDs, and Dechloranes ranged from 3.2 to 71.5, 0.63-960, and 2.04-2400 pg/g dw (dry weight) in the mosses, and from 1.5 to 188, 0.1-21.1, and 1.0-83.8 pg/g dw in the lichens, respectively. HFRs were detected in all of the collected samples, even in those from the remote regions. The dominance of high brominated-BDE, anti-DP fraction, and HBCD diastereomeric ratio in the samples from remote regions suggested the long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) of the HFRs. The relatively high HBCDs and Dechloranes contamination and their similar chemical profile with commercial products in the vicinity of Antarctic research stations indicated that human activities might act as local sources, while PBDEs appeared to be more influenced by LRAT and bioaccumulation rather than local emission. Lastly, the relatively high HFR levels and dominance of more brominated BDEs at the Narębski Point and in the wet lowlands suggested that penguin colonies and melting glacier water could be secondary HFR sources in Antarctica. The HFR levels differed by sample species, suggesting that further research on the factors associated with the HFR accumulation in the different species is necessary. This study firstly reports the alternative HFR levels in a wide area of the Antarctica, which could improve our understanding of the source, transport, and fate of the HFRs.
本研究利用苔藓（Andreaea depressinervis 和 Sanionia uncinata）和地衣（Himantormia lugubris 和 Usnea antarctica）作为生物指示剂，调查了南极洲南设得兰群岛上新旧卤代阻燃剂（HFRs），包括多溴二苯醚（PBDEs）、六溴环十二烷（HBCDs）和十氯酮（DPs）及其相关化合物（Dechloranes）的空间分布。苔藓中 PBDEs、HBCDs 和 Dechloranes 的浓度范围分别为 3.2-71.5、0.63-960 和 2.04-2400 pg/g dw（干重），地衣中分别为 1.5-188、0.1-21.1 和 1.0-83.8 pg/g dw。所有采集的样本中均检测到 HFRs，即使是在偏远地区采集的样本中也检测到了 HFRs。偏远地区样本中高溴化-BDE、反式-DP 馏分和 HBCD 非对映体比率的优势表明 HFRs 具有长程大气传输（LRAT）的特征。南极考察站附近地区相对较高的 HBCDs 和 Dechloranes 污染以及与商用产品相似的化学特征表明，人类活动可能是当地的污染源，而 PBDEs 似乎更多地受到 LRAT 和生物积累的影响，而不是当地排放的影响。最后，Narewski 角和湿地低地的 HFR 水平较高且更具溴化的 BDE 优势，表明企鹅群和融化的冰川水可能是南极洲的二次 HFR 源。不同样本物种的 HFR 水平存在差异，这表明需要进一步研究与不同物种中 HFR 积累相关的因素。本研究首次报告了南极洲广泛区域的替代 HFR 水平，这可以提高我们对 HFR 来源、传输和归宿的理解。
