Clark Robert E
Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA.
Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2018 Jan 5. doi: 10.1007/7854_2017_36.
The first clear insight that the medial temporal lobe of the human brain was in fact a system of anatomically connected structures that were organized into a memory system came in 1957 from the observations by Brenda Milner of the noted amnesic patient H.M. Subsequent work in humans, monkeys, and rodents has identified all of the components of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) that formed the memory system. Currently, work is ongoing to identify the specific contributions each structure in the medial temporal lobe makes towards the formation and storage of long-term declarative memory. The historical background of this work is described including what insights the study of noted neurologic patients H.M. and E.P. provided for understanding the function of the medial temporal lobe. The development of an animal model of medial temporal lobe function is described. Additionally, the insights that lead to the understanding that the brain contains multiple, anatomically discrete, memory systems are described. Finally, three current topics of debate are addressed: First, does the perirhinal cortex exclusively support memory, or does it support both memory and higher order visual perception? Second, is there an anatomical separation between recollection and familiarity ? Third, is the organization of spatial memory different between humans and rats, or perhaps the difference is between the working memory capacities of the two species?
1957年，布伦达·米尔纳对著名失忆症患者H.M.的观察，首次让人们清楚地认识到，人类大脑的内侧颞叶实际上是一个由解剖学上相连的结构组成的系统，这些结构被组织成一个记忆系统。随后在人类、猴子和啮齿动物身上开展的研究，确定了构成记忆系统的内侧颞叶（MTL）的所有组成部分。目前，人们正在努力确定内侧颞叶中的每个结构对长期陈述性记忆的形成和存储所起的具体作用。本文描述了这项工作的历史背景，包括对著名神经学患者H.M.和E.P.的研究为理解内侧颞叶功能提供了哪些见解。还描述了内侧颞叶功能动物模型的发展。此外，还阐述了促使人们认识到大脑包含多个解剖学上离散的记忆系统的相关见解。最后，讨论了当前的三个争议话题：第一，嗅周皮层是专门支持记忆，还是同时支持记忆和高级视觉感知？第二，回忆和熟悉感在解剖学上是否存在分离？第三，人类和大鼠的空间记忆组织是否不同，或者说，这两种物种之间的差异可能在于工作记忆能力？
