Ellis N R, Woodley-Zanthos P, Dulaney C L, Palmer R L
Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa 35487-0348.
Am J Ment Retard. 1989 Jan;93(4):412-23.
A modified Stroop Color-Word Interference Test (Stroop, 1935) was used to assess automatic-effortful processing in persons with mental retardation and college students in three experiments. In Experiment 1, retarded persons experienced greater Stroop interference than did college students. This was attributed to a failure of control (effortful) processing needed to suppress the automatic reading responses of retarded subjects. In Experiments 2 and 3, all subjects practiced the Stroop color-naming task over three or four daily sessions. Changes in Stroop interference over practice were viewed as reflecting automatization of the suppression of the reading response. Both groups automatized the suppression response at about the same rate, but the automatized responses had far greater and more durable suppression effects for retarded subjects. This persistence of automatized responses, which were no longer adaptive, was described as cognitive inertia, a phenomenon similar to cognitive rigidity as defined by Kounin (1948).
在三个实验中，采用了改良的斯特鲁普颜色-文字干扰测验（斯特鲁普，1935年）来评估智力迟钝者和大学生的自动-努力加工。在实验1中，智力迟钝者比大学生经历了更大的斯特鲁普干扰。这归因于抑制智力迟钝受试者自动阅读反应所需的控制（努力）加工失败。在实验2和3中，所有受试者在三到四个日常时段内练习斯特鲁普颜色命名任务。练习过程中斯特鲁普干扰的变化被视为反映了对阅读反应抑制的自动化。两组以大致相同的速率使抑制反应自动化，但自动化反应对智力迟钝受试者具有更大且更持久的抑制作用。这种不再具有适应性的自动化反应的持续性被描述为认知惯性，这一现象类似于库宁（1948年）所定义的认知僵化。
