Correia Sofia, Schouten Rob, Silva Ana P, Gonçalves Berta
Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.
Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands.
Front Plant Sci. 2017 Dec 19;8:2166. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02166. eCollection 2017.
Sweet cherries are attractive fruits due to their taste, color, nutritional value, and beneficial health effects. Sweet cherry is a highly perishable fruit and all quality attributes and the level of health promoting compounds are affected by growth conditions, picking, packing, transport, and storage. During production, the correct combination of scion × rootstock will produce fruits with higher firmness, weight, sugars, vitamins, and phenolic compounds that boost the fruit antioxidant activity. Orchard management, such as applying drip irrigation and summer pruning, will increase fruit sugar levels and total phenolic content, while application of growth regulators can result in improved storability, increased red coloring, increased fruit size, and reduced cracking. Salicylic acid, oxalic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, and methyl salicylate are promising growth regulators as they also increase total phenolics, anthocyanins, and induce higher activity of antioxidant enzymes. These growth regulators are now also applied as fruit coatings that improve shelf-life with higher antioxidant enzyme activities and total phenolics. Optimizing storage and transport conditions, such as hydro cooling with added CaCl, chain temperature and relative humidity control, are crucial for slowing down decay of quality attributes and increasing the antioxidant capacity. Application of controlled atmosphere during storage is successful in delaying quality attributes, but lowers ascorbic acid levels. The combination of low temperature storage in combination with modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) is successful in reducing the incidence of fruit decay, while preserving taste attributes and stem color with a higher antioxidant capacity. A new trend in MAP is the use of biodegradable films such as micro-perforated polylactic acid film that combine significant retention of quality attributes, high consumer acceptability, and a reduced environmental footprint. Another trend is to replace MAP with fruit edible coatings. Edible coatings, such as various lipid composite coatings, have advantages in retaining quality attributes and increasing the antioxidant activity (chitosan) and are regarded as approved food additives, although studies regarding consumer acceptance are needed. The recent publication of the sweet cherry genome will likely increase the identification of more candidate genes involved in growing and maintaining health related compounds and quality attributes.
甜樱桃因其口感、颜色、营养价值和有益健康的功效而颇具吸引力。甜樱桃是一种极易腐烂的水果，其所有品质属性以及促进健康的化合物水平都会受到生长条件、采摘、包装、运输和储存的影响。在生产过程中，接穗×砧木的正确组合将产出具有更高硬度、重量、糖分、维生素和酚类化合物的果实，这些物质能增强果实的抗氧化活性。果园管理，如采用滴灌和夏季修剪，会提高果实的糖分水平和总酚含量，而施用生长调节剂可改善果实的耐贮性、增加红色素含量、增大果实尺寸并减少裂果。水杨酸、草酸、乙酰水杨酸和水杨酸甲酯是很有前景的生长调节剂，因为它们还能增加总酚类、花青素含量，并诱导抗氧化酶的更高活性。这些生长调节剂现在也被用作水果涂层，通过提高抗氧化酶活性和总酚含量来延长货架期。优化储存和运输条件，如添加氯化钙的水冷处理、链式温度和相对湿度控制，对于减缓品质属性的衰减以及提高抗氧化能力至关重要。在储存期间采用气调包装成功地延缓了品质属性的变化，但会降低抗坏血酸水平。低温储存与气调包装（MAP）相结合成功地降低了果实腐烂的发生率，同时保留了口感属性和果柄颜色，并具有更高的抗氧化能力。气调包装的一个新趋势是使用可生物降解的薄膜，如微孔聚乳酸薄膜，这种薄膜能显著保留品质属性，具有较高的消费者接受度，并减少对环境的影响。另一个趋势是用气调包装替代水果可食用涂层。可食用涂层，如各种脂质复合涂层，在保留品质属性和提高抗氧化活性（壳聚糖）方面具有优势，并且被视为批准使用的食品添加剂，不过还需要进行关于消费者接受度的研究。甜樱桃基因组的近期公布可能会增加对更多参与生长和维持与健康相关化合物及品质属性的候选基因的识别。
