Oliveira Sandra, Fehn Anne-Maria, Aço Teresa, Lages Fernanda, Gayà-Vidal Magdalena, Pakendorf Brigitte, Stoneking Mark, Rocha Jorge
CIBIO/InBIO: Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal.
Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4169-007, Portugal.
Am J Phys Anthropol. 2018 Mar;165(3):518-535. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.23378. Epub 2018 Jan 3.
Southern Angola is a poorly studied region, inhabited by populations that have been associated with different migratory movements into southern Africa. Apart from Kx'a-speaking San foragers and Bantu-speaking pastoralists, ethnographic and linguistic studies have suggested the existence of an enigmatic array of pre-Bantu communities, like the Kwepe (formerly Khoe-Kwadi speakers), Twa and Kwisi. Here, we evaluate previous peopling hypotheses by assessing the relationships between different southern Angolan populations, based on newly collected linguistic data and complete mtDNA genomes.
We analyzed 295 complete mtDNA genomes and linguistic data from seven groups from the Namib Desert (Himba, Kuvale, Tjimba, Twa, Kwisi, Kwepe) and Kunene Province (!Xun), placing special emphasis on the evaluation of the genealogical consistency of the matriclanic system that characterizes most of these groups.
We found that the maternal genetic structure of all groups from the Namib Desert was strongly shaped by the consistency of their matriclanic system. The tracking of the maternal heritage enhanced population differentiation by genetic drift and is likely to have caused the divergent mtDNA profiles of the Kwepe, Twa, and Kwisi, who probably formed a single population within the spectrum of Bantu genetic variation. Model-based analyses further suggest that the dominant pastoral groups Kuvale and Himba may be grouped into a Bantu proto-population which also included the ancestors of present-day Tjimba and Herero, as well as the Khoe-Kwadi speaking Damara foragers from Namibia.
The view from southwestern Angola offers a new perspective on the populating history of southern Africa and the Bantu expansions by showing that social stratification and different subsistence patterns are not always indicative of remnant groups, but may reflect Bantu-internal variation and ethnogenesis.
安哥拉南部是一个研究较少的地区，居住着与不同迁入南部非洲的移民活动相关的人群。除了讲科伊桑语的桑族觅食者和讲班图语的牧民外，人种学和语言学研究表明存在一系列神秘的班图前社区，如克韦佩人（以前讲科伊 - 夸迪语）、特瓦人和克维西人。在此，我们基于新收集的语言数据和完整的线粒体DNA基因组，通过评估安哥拉南部不同人群之间的关系，来评估先前的人口迁移假说。
我们分析了来自纳米比亚沙漠七个群体（欣巴人、库瓦莱人、蒂姆巴人、特瓦人、克维西人、克韦佩人）和库内内省（!Xun）的295个完整线粒体DNA基因组和语言数据，并特别强调对表征这些群体大多数的母系氏族系统的谱系一致性进行评估。
我们发现纳米比亚沙漠所有群体的母系遗传结构都受到其母系氏族系统一致性的强烈影响。对母系遗传的追踪通过遗传漂变增强了群体分化，并且可能导致了克韦佩人、特瓦人和克维西人不同的线粒体DNA图谱，他们可能在班图遗传变异范围内构成了一个单一群体。基于模型的分析进一步表明，占主导地位的牧民群体库瓦莱人和欣巴人可能可归为一个班图原始群体，该群体还包括现今蒂姆巴人和赫雷罗人的祖先，以及来自纳米比亚讲科伊 - 夸迪语的达马拉觅食者。
安哥拉西南部的情况为南部非洲的人口历史和班图扩张提供了一个新视角，表明社会分层和不同的生存模式并不总是意味着遗留群体，而可能反映班图内部的变异和人种形成。
