Swisher Melissa, Urcuioli Peter J
Purdue University.
J Exp Anal Behav. 2018 Jan;109(1):125-147. doi: 10.1002/jeab.302. Epub 2018 Jan 10.
Until now, the equivalence property of reflexivity-matching physically identical stimuli to themselves after training on a set of arbitrary matching relations-has not been demonstrated in any animal, human or nonhuman. Previous reports of reflexivity have either implicitly or explicitly involved reinforced training on other identity matching relations. Here we demonstrate reflexivity without prior identity matching training. Pigeons received concurrent successive matching training on three arbitrary matching tasks: AB (hue-form), BC (form-hue), and AC (hue-hue with different hues in the A and C sets). Afterwards, pigeons were tested for BB (form-form) reflexivity. Consistent with the predictions of Urcuioli's () theory, pigeons preferentially responded to B comparison stimuli that matched the preceding B sample stimuli in testing (i.e., BB reflexivity). A separate experiment showed that a slightly different set of arbitrary matching baseline relations yielded a theoretically predicted "anti-reflexivity" (or emergent oddity) effect in two of five pigeons. Finally, training on just two arbitrary successive matching tasks (AB and BC) did not yield any differential BB responding in testing for five of eight pigeons, with two others showing reflexivity and one showing antireflexivity. These data complement previous findings of symmetry and transitivity (the two other properties of equivalence) in pigeons.
到目前为止，自反性的等效属性——在一组任意匹配关系上训练后将物理上相同的刺激与其自身进行匹配——在任何动物（包括人类和非人类）中都未得到证实。先前关于自反性的报告要么隐含地要么明确地涉及对其他身份匹配关系的强化训练。在此，我们展示了无需事先进行身份匹配训练的自反性。鸽子接受了关于三个任意匹配任务的并发连续匹配训练：AB（色调-形状）、BC（形状-色调）和AC（色调-色调，A组和C组中的色调不同）。之后，对鸽子进行BB（形状-形状）自反性测试。与乌尔乔利（Urcuioli）理论的预测一致，鸽子在测试中优先对与先前B样本刺激相匹配的B比较刺激做出反应（即BB自反性）。一项单独的实验表明，一组略有不同的任意匹配基线关系在五只鸽子中的两只中产生了理论上预测的“反自反性”（或新兴奇特性）效应。最后，对八只鸽子中的五只进行仅两项任意连续匹配任务（AB和BC）的训练，在测试中并未产生任何差异性的BB反应，另外两只表现出自反性，一只表现出反自反性。这些数据补充了先前在鸽子中发现的对称性和传递性（等效性的另外两个属性）。
