Centre for Fire and Hazard Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK.
Centre for Fire and Hazard Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK; Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service, Manchester, M4 5HU, UK.
Chemosphere. 2018 Apr;196:429-439. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.017. Epub 2017 Dec 5.
This paper uses fire statistics to show the importance of fire toxicity on fire deaths and injuries, and the importance of upholstered furniture and bedding on fatalities from unwanted fires. The aim was to compare the fire hazards (fire growth and smoke toxicity) using different upholstery materials. Four compositions of sofa-bed were compared: three meeting UK Furniture Flammability Regulations (FFR), and one using materials without flame retardants intended for the mainland European market. Two of the UK sofa-beds relied on chemical flame retardants to meet the FFR, the third used natural materials and a technical weave in order to pass the test. Each composition was tested in the bench-scale cone calorimeter (ISO 5660) and burnt as a whole sofa-bed in a sofa configuration in a 3.4 × 2.25 × 2.4 m test room. All of the sofas were ignited with a No. 7 wood crib; the temperatures and yields of toxic products are reported. The sofa-beds containing flame retardants burnt somewhat more slowly than the non-flame retarded EU sofa-bed, but in doing so produced significantly greater quantities of the main fire toxicants, carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide. Assessment of the effluents' potential to incapacitate and kill is provided showing the two UK flame retardant sofa-beds to be the most dangerous, followed by the sofa-bed made with European materials. The UK sofa-bed made only from natural materials (Cottonsafe) burnt very slowly and produced very low concentrations of toxic gases. Including fire toxicity in the FFR would reduce the chemical flame retardants and improve fire safety.
本文利用火灾统计数据表明了火灾毒性对火灾死亡和伤害的重要性，以及软垫家具和床上用品对意外火灾中人员死亡的重要性。目的是比较使用不同软垫材料的火灾危险（火灾发展和烟雾毒性）。比较了四种沙发床的组成部分：三种符合英国家具可燃性法规（FFR）的沙发床，以及一种使用无阻燃剂的材料，旨在面向欧洲大陆市场。两种英国沙发床依靠化学阻燃剂来满足 FFR，第三种则使用天然材料和技术编织物来通过测试。每种成分都在台式锥形量热计（ISO 5660）中进行了测试，并以整个沙发床的形式在一个 3.4×2.25×2.4 m 的测试室中以沙发配置进行燃烧。所有沙发均采用 7 号木床点燃；报告了温度和有毒产物的产率。含有阻燃剂的沙发床燃烧速度比不含阻燃剂的欧盟沙发床稍慢，但这样会产生更多的主要火灾毒物，如一氧化碳和氰化氢。评估了废气使人丧失能力和致死的潜力，表明两种含有英国阻燃剂的沙发床最危险，其次是使用欧洲材料制成的沙发床。仅由天然材料（Cottonsafe）制成的英国沙发床燃烧非常缓慢，产生的有毒气体浓度非常低。将火灾毒性纳入 FFR 将减少化学阻燃剂并提高消防安全。
