Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Sleep. 2018 Mar 1;41(3). doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsy004.
Adolescence development is characterized by significant changes in sleep biology. Despite an overall decline in sleep duration and a delay in bedtime, significant interindividual variation in sleep has been reported. The aim of the current study was to examine genetic and environmental influences on sleep in adolescence using long-term (6 month) actigraphy measurements, differentiating between school and free days. Sixteen monozygotic (n = 32) and 10 dizygotic (n = 20) twin pairs (mean age 12.8 ± 1.0 years; 25 females) participated in the study. Structural equation modeling was used to compute genetic, shared environmental and unique environmental contributors to sleep behavior. We found significantly more genetic influence on sleep timing (sleep midpoint; school: 14%, free: 90%) and duration (school: 15%; free: 68%) on free compared with school days. On the other hand, the genetic influence on measures of sleep quality (sleep efficiency and sleep onset latency) was high (>60%) and less dependent on the day of measurement. Only wake after sleep onset (WASO) exhibited a strong shared environmental influence (> 52%) on both school and free days, suggesting that behavioral/environmental interventions may help reduce WASO. In addition, self-reported chronotype was also highly genetically influenced (75%). Disrupted, ill-timed, and insufficient sleep in adolescence is associated with poor mental and physical health outcomes. Our findings of a strong genetic contribution to sleep in adolescence suggest that sleep may mark a genetic vulnerability to poor outcomes.
青春期发育的特点是睡眠生物学发生重大变化。尽管睡眠时间总体减少，就寝时间推迟，但个体之间的睡眠差异很大。本研究旨在使用长期（6 个月）活动记录仪测量来检查青春期睡眠的遗传和环境影响，区分上学日和休息日。16 对同卵双胞胎（n = 32）和 10 对异卵双胞胎（n = 20）（平均年龄 12.8 ± 1.0 岁；女性 25 名）参加了这项研究。结构方程模型用于计算睡眠行为的遗传、共享环境和独特环境因素的影响。我们发现，与上学日相比，自由日睡眠的时间（睡眠中点；上学：14%，自由：90%）和时长（上学：15%，自由：68%）受遗传因素的影响更大。另一方面，遗传对睡眠质量（睡眠效率和入睡潜伏期）的影响较高（>60%），且不受测量日的影响。只有睡眠后觉醒时间（WASO）在上学日和自由日都受到很强的共享环境影响（>52%），这表明行为/环境干预可能有助于减少 WASO。此外，自我报告的生物钟也受到高度遗传影响（75%）。青春期睡眠中断、时间安排不当和睡眠不足与心理健康和身体健康不良后果有关。我们发现，青春期睡眠受遗传因素的强烈影响，这表明睡眠可能是不良后果的遗传脆弱性的标志。
