Alteration in yield and oil quality traits of winter rapeseed by lodging at different planting density and nitrogen rates.

Lodging is a factor that negatively affects yield, seed quality, and harvest ability in winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). In this study, we quantified the lodging-induced yield losses, changes in fatty acid composition, and oil quality in rapeseed under different nitrogen application rates and planting densities. Field experiments were conducted in 2014-2017 for studying the effect of manually-induced lodging angles (0°, 30°, 60°, and 90°), 10, 20 and 30 d post-flowering at different densities and nitrogen application rates. The fertilization/planting density combination ND produced the maximum observed yield and seed quality. Timing and angle of lodging had significant effects on yield. Lodging at 90° induced at 10 d post-flowering caused the maximum reduction in yield, biomass, and silique photosynthesis. Seed yield losses were higher at high N application rates, the maximum being at ND. Lodging decreased seed oil content and altered its fatty acid composition by increasing stearic and palmitic acid content, while decreasing linoleic and linolenic acid content, and deteriorating oil quality by increasing erucic acid and glucosinolate content. Therefore, lodging-induced yield loss and reduction in oil content might be reduced by selecting optimum N level and planting density.