Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 E. Monument St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 E. Monument St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
J Hum Evol. 2018 Feb;115:85-111. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.10.014. Epub 2018 Jan 10.
Previous attempts to estimate body mass in pre-Holocene hominins have relied on prediction equations derived from relatively limited extant samples. Here we derive new equations to predict body mass from femoral head breadth and proximal tibial plateau breadth based on a large and diverse sample of modern humans (avoiding the problems associated with using diaphyseal dimensions and/or cadaveric reference samples). In addition, an adjustment for the relatively small femoral heads of non-Homo taxa is developed based on observed differences in hip to knee joint scaling. Body mass is then estimated for 214 terminal Miocene through Pleistocene hominin specimens. Mean body masses for non-Homo taxa range between 39 and 49 kg (39-45 kg if sex-specific means are averaged), with no consistent temporal trend (6-1.85 Ma). Mean body mass increases in early Homo (2.04-1.77 Ma) to 55-59 kg, and then again dramatically in Homo erectus and later archaic middle Pleistocene Homo, to about 70 kg. The same average body mass is maintained in late Pleistocene archaic Homo and early anatomically modern humans through the early/middle Upper Paleolithic (0.024 Ma), only declining in the late Upper Paleolithic, with regional variation. Sexual dimorphism in body mass is greatest in Australopithecus afarensis (log[male/female] = 1.54), declines in Australopithecus africanus and Paranthropus robustus (log ratio 1.36), and then again in early Homo and middle and late Pleistocene archaic Homo (log ratio 1.20-1.27), although it remains somewhat elevated above that of living and middle/late Pleistocene anatomically modern humans (log ratio about 1.15).
先前尝试估算更新世以前原始人类的体质量，是基于从相对有限的现存样本中得出的预测方程。在这里，我们根据现代人类的大量多样样本，从股骨头宽度和胫骨平台近端宽度推导出新的方程来预测体质量（避免了使用骨干尺寸和/或尸体参考样本的问题）。此外，根据髋关节到膝关节比例的观察到的差异，为非人类分类群相对较小的股骨头开发了一种调整方法。然后，我们估算了 214 个从上新世晚期到更新世的原始人类标本的体质量。非人类分类群的平均体质量范围在 39 到 49 公斤之间（如果将性别特定平均值平均，则为 39-45 公斤），没有一致的时间趋势（6-1.85 Ma）。早期人类（2.04-1.77 Ma）的平均体质量增加到 55-59 公斤，然后在直立人和后来的中更新世古老人类中再次急剧增加，达到约 70 公斤。在晚更新世古老人类和早期解剖学上现代人类中，相同的平均体质量一直保持到旧石器时代中期/晚期（0.024 Ma），仅在晚更新世下降，存在区域差异。在南方古猿afarensis 中，体质量的两性异形最大（log[男性/女性] = 1.54），在南方古猿 africanus 和粗壮南猿 Paranthropus robustus 中下降（对数比 1.36），然后在早期人类和中更新世和晚更新世古老人类中再次下降（对数比 1.20-1.27），尽管它仍然略高于生活中和中/晚更新世解剖学上现代人类（对数比约为 1.15）。
