Universidad Intercultural Indígena de Michoacán, Finca "La Tsípecua" kilómetro 3 carretera, Pátzcuaro-Huecorio, Michoacán, C.P. 61614, México.
Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, UNAM, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8711, Morelia, Michoacán, 58190, México.
J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2018 Jan 15;14(1):5. doi: 10.1186/s13002-018-0205-z.
Interactions between societies and nature are regulated by complex systems of beliefs, symbolism, customs, and worldviews (kosmos), ecological knowledge (corpus), and management strategies and practices (praxis), which are constructed as product of experiences and communication of people throughout time. These aspects influence social relations, life strategies, and cultural identity, and all of them in turn influence and are influenced by local and regional patterns of interchange. In this study, we analyze the interchange of wild and weedy plants and mushrooms in traditional markets of the Phurépecha region of Mexico. Particularly, the social relations constructed around the interchange of these products; how knowledge, cultural values, and ecological factors influence and are influenced by interchange; and how all these factors influence the type and intensity of biotic resources management.
We studied three main traditional markets of the Phurépecha region of Michoacán, Mexico, through 140 visits to markets and 60 semi-structured interviews to sellers of wild and weedy plants and mushrooms. In nearly 2 years, we carried out 80 visits and 30 interviews in the "Barter Market", 20 visits and 15 interviews in the "Phurépecha Tiánguis", and 40 visits and 15 interviews to the "Municipal Market". We documented information about the spaces of interchange that form the markets, the types of interchange occurring there, the cultural and economic values of the resources studied, the environmental units that are sources of such resources, the activities associated to resources harvesting and, particularly, the management techniques practiced to ensure or increase their availability. We analyzed the relations between the amounts of products interchanged, considered as pressures on the resources; the perception of their abundance or scarcity, considered as the magnitude of risk in relation to the pressures referred to; and the management types as response to pressures and risk.
We recorded 38 species of wild and weedy plants and 15 mushroom species interchanged in the markets. We characterized the spaces of interchange, the interchange types, and social relations among numerous Phurépecha communities which maintain the main features of pre-Columbian markets. The products analyzed are differentially valued according to their role in people's life, particularly food, medicine, rituals, and ornamental purposes. The highest cultural values were identified in multi-purpose plant and mushroom resources and, outstandingly, in ornamental and ritual plants. In markets, women are the main actors and connectors of the regional households' activities of use and management of local resources and ecosystems. The interrelationships between worldviews, knowledge, and practices are visible through the interchange of the products analyzed, including the types of environments comprised in communitarian territories, agricultural calendars, and feasts. Those plants and mushrooms are highly valued but relatively scarce according to the demand on them receiving special attention and management practices directed to ensure or increase their availability. With the exception of most mushrooms and ornamental and ritual plants, which have high economic and cultural values, there are those that are relatively scarce and under high risk, but are obtained through simple gathering from the wild.
Traditional markets are crucial part of the subsistence strategy of Phurépecha people based on the multiple use of resources and ecosystems at the local and regional levels. The markets influence social relations, cultural identity, and preservation of traditional knowledge and biodiversity. In general, the demand of products in markets enhances innovation and practices for ensuring or increasing their availability, particularly those that are naturally scarce. However, it was notorious that, althoug mushrooms and ritual plants have high demand and value in markets, most of them are obtained by simple gathering.
社会与自然的相互作用受到信仰、象征、习俗和世界观（宇宙观）、生态知识（主体）和管理策略与实践（实践）等复杂系统的调节，这些系统是由人们在不同时期的经验和交流构建而成。这些方面影响社会关系、生活策略和文化认同，而所有这些方面反过来又受到地方和区域相互作用模式的影响和制约。在这项研究中，我们分析了墨西哥普雷佩查地区传统市场中野生和杂草植物以及蘑菇的相互交流。特别是，围绕这些产品交流而构建的社会关系；知识、文化价值观和生态因素如何相互影响和相互制约；以及所有这些因素如何影响生物资源管理的类型和强度。
我们通过 140 次访问市场和 60 次对野生和杂草植物及蘑菇销售者的半结构化访谈，对墨西哥米却肯州普雷佩查地区的三个主要传统市场进行了研究。在近 2 年的时间里，我们在“巴雷尔市场”进行了 80 次访问和 30 次访谈，在“普雷佩查提安吉斯”进行了 20 次访问和 15 次访谈，在“市政市场”进行了 40 次访问和 15 次访谈。我们记录了形成市场的相互交流空间、发生的相互交流类型、所研究资源的文化和经济价值、作为这些资源来源的环境单元、与资源采集相关的活动，特别是为确保或增加资源供应而采用的管理技术。我们分析了产品的交流数量之间的关系，这些数量被视为对资源的压力；对其丰富或稀缺的感知，这被视为与上述压力相关的风险程度；以及作为对压力和风险的回应的管理类型。
我们记录了在市场上交流的 38 种野生和杂草植物以及 15 种蘑菇。我们描述了交流空间、交流类型和许多普雷佩查社区之间的社会关系，这些社区保持了前哥伦布时期市场的主要特征。分析的产品根据其在人们生活中的作用，特别是在食物、药物、仪式和装饰方面的作用，具有不同的价值。多用途植物和蘑菇资源具有最高的文化价值，特别是在装饰和仪式植物中。在市场上，女性是连接地区家庭活动的主要参与者，这些活动包括使用和管理当地资源和生态系统。世界观、知识和实践之间的相互关系通过分析的产品的交流体现出来，包括包含在社区领土、农业日历和节日中的环境类型。根据对它们的需求，这些植物和蘑菇受到高度重视，但相对稀缺，因此需要特别关注并采取管理措施以确保或增加它们的供应。除了大多数蘑菇和装饰性及仪式性植物具有较高的经济和文化价值外，还有一些植物相对稀缺且风险较高，但可以通过简单的野外采集获得。
传统市场是普雷佩查人民基于地方和区域层面上对资源和生态系统的多种利用的生存策略的重要组成部分。市场影响社会关系、文化认同以及传统知识和生物多样性的保护。总的来说，市场对产品的需求促进了确保或增加其供应的创新和实践，特别是那些自然稀缺的产品。然而，值得注意的是，尽管蘑菇和仪式植物在市场上有很高的需求和价值，但它们大多是通过简单的采集获得的。
