Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University, Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Neurology, The H. Houston Merritt Center, Columbia Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Columbia Aging Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
Laboratory for Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
Front Neuroendocrinol. 2018 Apr;49:72-85. doi: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.01.001. Epub 2018 Jan 12.
Energy is required to sustain life and enable stress adaptation. At the cellular level, energy is largely derived from mitochondria - unique multifunctional organelles with their own genome. Four main elements connect mitochondria to stress: (1) Energy is required at the molecular, (epi)genetic, cellular, organellar, and systemic levels to sustain components of stress responses; (2) Glucocorticoids and other steroid hormones are produced and metabolized by mitochondria; (3) Reciprocally, mitochondria respond to neuroendocrine and metabolic stress mediators; and (4) Experimentally manipulating mitochondrial functions alters physiological and behavioral responses to psychological stress. Thus, mitochondria are endocrine organelles that provide both the energy and signals that enable and direct stress adaptation. Neural circuits regulating social behavior - as well as psychopathological processes - are also influenced by mitochondrial energetics. An integrative view of stress as an energy-driven process opens new opportunities to study mechanisms of adaptation and regulation across the lifespan.
能量是维持生命和适应压力的必要条件。在细胞水平上，能量主要来自线粒体——一种具有自身基因组的独特多功能细胞器。有四个主要因素将线粒体与压力联系起来：（1）在分子、（表观）遗传、细胞、细胞器和系统水平上，需要能量来维持压力反应的组成部分；（2） 线粒体产生和代谢糖皮质激素和其他类固醇激素；（3） 反过来，线粒体对神经内分泌和代谢应激介质做出反应；（4） 实验性地操纵线粒体功能会改变对心理压力的生理和行为反应。因此，线粒体是内分泌器官，为适应压力提供能量和信号。调节社会行为的神经回路——以及精神病理过程——也受到线粒体能量代谢的影响。将压力视为一种能量驱动的过程的综合观点为研究整个生命周期的适应和调节机制开辟了新的机会。
