Systems-level mechanisms of action of : a network pharmacological approach.

has been used since ancient times based on the traditional Asian medicine theory and clinical experiences, and currently, is one of the most popular herbs in the world. To date, most of the studies concerning have focused on specific mechanisms of action of individual constituents. However, in spite of many studies on the molecular mechanisms of , it still remains unclear how multiple active ingredients of interact with multiple targets simultaneously, giving the multidimensional effects on various conditions and diseases. In order to decipher the systems-level mechanism of multiple ingredients of , a novel approach is needed beyond conventional reductive analysis. We aim to review the systems-level mechanism of by adopting novel analytical framework-network pharmacology. Here, we constructed a compound-target network of using experimentally validated and machine learning-based prediction results. The targets of the network were analyzed in terms of related biological process, pathways, and diseases. The majority of targets were found to be related with primary metabolic process, signal transduction, nitrogen compound metabolic process, blood circulation, immune system process, cell-cell signaling, biosynthetic process, and neurological system process. In pathway enrichment analysis of targets, mainly the terms related with neural activity showed significant enrichment and formed a cluster. Finally, relative degrees analysis for the target-disease association of revealed several categories of related diseases, including respiratory, psychiatric, and cardiovascular diseases.