Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia.
World Health Organisation (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, 3000, Victoria, Australia.
Front Med. 2018 Feb;12(1):34-47. doi: 10.1007/s11684-017-0606-8. Epub 2018 Jan 20.
Influenza is a major global health problem, causing infections of the respiratory tract, often leading to acute pneumonia, life-threatening complications and even deaths. Over the last seven decades, vaccination strategies have been utilized to protect people from complications of influenza, especially groups at high risk of severe disease. While current vaccination regimens elicit strain-specific antibody responses, they fail to generate cross-protection against seasonal, pandemic and avian viruses. Moreover, vaccines designed to generate influenza-specific T-cell responses are yet to be optimized. During natural infection, viral replication is initially controlled by innate immunity before adaptive immune responses (T cells and antibody-producing B cells) achieve viral clearance and host recovery. Adaptive T and B cells maintain immunological memory and provide protection against subsequent infections with related influenza viruses. Recent studies also shed light on the role of innate T-cells (MAIT cells, γδ cells, and NKT cells) in controlling influenza and linking innate and adaptive immune mechanisms, thus making them attractive targets for vaccination strategies. We summarize the current knowledge on influenza-specific innate MAIT and γδ T cells as well as adaptive CD8 and CD4 T cells, and discuss how these responses can be harnessed by novel vaccine strategies to elicit cross-protective immunity against different influenza strains and subtypes.
流感是一个全球性的主要健康问题，会导致呼吸道感染，常导致急性肺炎、危及生命的并发症，甚至死亡。在过去的 70 年中，人们利用疫苗接种策略来保护人们免受流感并发症的影响，特别是那些患有严重疾病高风险的人群。虽然目前的疫苗接种方案可引发针对特定毒株的抗体反应，但它们无法提供针对季节性、大流行和禽源病毒的交叉保护。此外，设计用于产生流感特异性 T 细胞反应的疫苗仍有待优化。在自然感染过程中，病毒复制最初由先天免疫控制，然后适应性免疫反应（T 细胞和产生抗体的 B 细胞）才能清除病毒并使宿主恢复。适应性 T 和 B 细胞维持免疫记忆，并提供针对相关流感病毒的后续感染的保护。最近的研究还揭示了先天 T 细胞（MAIT 细胞、γδ 细胞和 NKT 细胞）在控制流感以及连接先天和适应性免疫机制方面的作用，使其成为疫苗接种策略的有吸引力的目标。我们总结了针对流感的特异性先天 MAIT 和 γδ T 细胞以及适应性 CD8 和 CD4 T 细胞的现有知识，并讨论了如何利用新型疫苗策略来引发针对不同流感株和亚型的交叉保护免疫。
