Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Valencia 46022, Spain.
Centro de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia 46022, Spain.
Sensors (Basel). 2018 Jan 21;18(1):300. doi: 10.3390/s18010300.
Among many of the electrode designs used in electrocardiography (ECG), concentric ring electrodes (CREs) are one of the most promising due to their enhanced spatial resolution. Their development has undergone a great push due to their use in recent years; however, they are not yet widely used in clinical practice. CRE implementation in textiles will lead to a low cost, flexible, comfortable, and robust electrode capable of detecting high spatial resolution ECG signals. A textile CRE set has been designed and developed using screen-printing technology. This is a mature technology in the textile industry and, therefore, does not require heavy investments. Inks employed as conductive elements have been silver and a conducting polymer (poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate; PEDOT:PSS). Conducting polymers have biocompatibility advantages, they can be used with flexible substrates, and they are available for several printing technologies. CREs implemented with both inks have been compared by analyzing their electric features and their performance in detecting ECG signals. The results reveal that silver CREs present a higher average thickness and slightly lower skin-electrode impedance than PEDOT:PSS CREs. As for ECG recordings with subjects at rest, both CREs allowed the uptake of bipolar concentric ECG signals (BC-ECG) with signal-to-noise ratios similar to that of conventional ECG recordings. Regarding the saturation and alterations of ECGs captured with textile CREs caused by intentional subject movements, silver CREs presented a more stable response (fewer saturations and alterations) than those of PEDOT:PSS. Moreover, BC-ECG signals provided higher spatial resolution compared to conventional ECG. This improved spatial resolution was manifested in the identification of P1 and P2 waves of atrial activity in most of the BC-ECG signals. It can be concluded that textile silver CREs are more suitable than those of PEDOT:PSS for obtaining BC-ECG records. These developed textile electrodes bring the use of CREs closer to the clinical environment.
在心电图（ECG）中使用的众多电极设计中，同心环电极（CRE）是最有前途的一种，因为它具有增强的空间分辨率。近年来，由于其应用，它们的发展得到了极大的推动；然而，它们尚未在临床实践中广泛使用。在纺织品中实施 CRE 将导致一种低成本、灵活、舒适且坚固的电极，能够检测具有高空间分辨率的 ECG 信号。已经使用丝网印刷技术设计和开发了纺织品 CRE 套件。这是纺织行业中一种成熟的技术，因此不需要大量投资。用作导电元件的油墨是银和导电聚合物（聚（3,4-亚乙基二氧噻吩）聚苯乙烯磺酸盐；PEDOT：PSS）。导电聚合物具有生物相容性优势，可与柔性基板一起使用，并且可用于多种印刷技术。通过分析它们的电特性及其在检测 ECG 信号方面的性能，比较了使用这两种油墨实施的 CRE。结果表明，银 CRE 的平均厚度较高，皮肤-电极阻抗略低于 PEDOT：PSS CRE。对于处于休息状态的受试者的 ECG 记录，两种 CRE 都允许摄取双极同心 ECG 信号（BC-ECG），其信噪比与常规 ECG 记录相似。关于由于受试者故意运动而导致的纺织 CRE 捕获的 ECG 饱和和改变，银 CRE 的响应更稳定（饱和度和改变较少），而 PEDOT：PSS 的响应则不稳定。此外，BC-ECG 信号提供了比常规 ECG 更高的空间分辨率。这种改进的空间分辨率表现在大多数 BC-ECG 信号中可以识别出心房活动的 P1 和 P2 波。可以得出结论，与 PEDOT：PSS 相比，纺织银 CRE 更适合获得 BC-ECG 记录。这些开发的纺织电极使 CRE 的使用更接近临床环境。
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