Hart Eva Anna Christina, Lakerveld Jeroen, McKee Martin, Oppert Jean-Michel, Rutter Harry, Charreire Hélène, Veenhoven Ruut, Bárdos Helga, Compernolle Sofie, De Bourdeaudhuij Ilse, Brug Johannes, Mackenbach Joreintje Dingena
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
ECOHOST-The Centre for Health and Social Change, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
PLoS One. 2018 Jan 24;13(1):e0190387. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190387. eCollection 2018.
We aimed to examine the associations of both objectively assessed and perceived physical and social neighborhood characteristics with happiness in European adults. In addition, we aimed to study how these associations differed among subgroups.
Participants (N = 6037) of the cross-sectional SPOTLIGHT survey reported on their level of happiness using a 5-point Likert scale, and on perceived physical and social environmental neighborhood characteristics. Objective physical environmental characteristics were assessed using a Google Street View-based neighborhood audit. Associations of 14 physical and social environmental characteristics with happiness were analyzed using multivariable multinomial regression analyses with clustered standard errors.
Living in neighborhoods with higher levels of aesthetics and more water and green space was associated with being very happy. Individuals who perceived their neighborhood to be safer, more functional and more aesthetic were more likely to be very happy. The associations of functionality and aesthetics with happiness were strongest in the Ghent region (Belgium), the Randstad (the Netherlands) and Greater London (United Kingdom). Perceived absence of air pollution was only associated with higher levels of happiness in more highly educated participants. Individuals with a larger social network, more social cohesion and who trusted their neighbors were more likely to be very happy. The association between social networks and happiness was somewhat stronger in men than in women. In general, the associations between environmental characteristics and happiness had similar directions and sizes across socio-economic and socio-demographic subgroups.
This European study provided evidence that both objectively assessed and perceived physical and social characteristics of the neighborhood environment are associated with the happiness of its residents.
我们旨在研究欧洲成年人中，客观评估的以及主观认知的邻里物质和社会环境特征与幸福感之间的关联。此外，我们还旨在研究这些关联在不同亚组之间是如何不同的。
横断面“聚焦”调查的参与者（N = 6037）使用5点李克特量表报告他们的幸福水平，以及对邻里物质和社会环境特征的认知。客观物质环境特征通过基于谷歌街景的邻里审计进行评估。使用具有聚类标准误的多变量多项回归分析，分析14种物质和社会环境特征与幸福感之间的关联。
生活在美学水平较高、有更多水体和绿地的社区与非常幸福相关。认为自己所在社区更安全、功能更完善、更美观的人更有可能非常幸福。功能和美学与幸福感之间的关联在比利时根特地区、荷兰兰斯塔德地区和英国大伦敦最为强烈。只有在受教育程度较高的参与者中，感知到没有空气污染才与更高的幸福水平相关。社交网络更大、社会凝聚力更强且信任邻居的人更有可能非常幸福。社交网络与幸福感之间的关联在男性中比在女性中略强。总体而言，环境特征与幸福感之间的关联在社会经济和社会人口统计学亚组中具有相似的方向和规模。
这项欧洲研究提供了证据，表明邻里环境的客观评估和主观认知的物质和社会特征都与其居民的幸福感相关。
