Galotti K M, Baron J, Sabini J P
J Exp Psychol Gen. 1986 Mar;115(1):16-25. doi: 10.1037//0096-3445.115.1.16.
Two studies examined the correlates of reasoning ability on a syllogistic reasoning task in subjects who lacked formal background in logic. The main issue addressed was the extent to which reasoning proficiency arises from the consideration of multiple possible set relations (mental models) as opposed to explicit or implicit reliance on deduction rules. Evidence for the use of both models and rules was obtained. Although "good" and "poor" reasoners differed even when time constraints were imposed (consistent with the supposition of a better set of rules among good reasoners), good reasoners showed more improvement and chose to take longer amounts of time when time constraints were removed, suggesting that they considered more alternatives than did the poor reasoners. A comparison between these two groups and a third group of subjects, graduate students who had studied logic, reveals striking differences in both accuracy and speed.
两项研究考察了在逻辑方面缺乏正规背景的受试者在三段论推理任务中推理能力的相关因素。所探讨的主要问题是，推理能力在多大程度上源自对多种可能的集合关系（心理模型）的考虑，而非明确或隐含地依赖演绎规则。研究获得了同时使用模型和规则的证据。尽管即使施加时间限制，“优秀”和“较差”的推理者仍存在差异（这与优秀推理者拥有更好的规则集的假设一致），但当去除时间限制时，优秀推理者有更大的进步，且选择花费更长时间，这表明他们比差的推理者考虑了更多的可能性。这两组受试者与第三组受试者（学习过逻辑的研究生）之间的比较，揭示了在准确性和速度方面的显著差异。
