1Department of Biobehavioral Health,The Pennsylvania State University,219 Biobehavioral Health Building,University Park,PA 16802,USA.
4Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys,National Center for Health Statistics,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,Hyattsville,MD,USA.
Public Health Nutr. 2018 Jun;21(8):1455-1464. doi: 10.1017/S1368980017004050. Epub 2018 Feb 1.
Differences in bottled v. tap water intake may provide insights into health disparities, like risk of dental caries and inadequate hydration. We examined differences in plain, tap and bottled water consumption among US adults by sociodemographic characteristics.
Cross-sectional analysis. We used 24 h dietary recall data to test differences in percentage consuming the water sources and mean intake between groups using Wald tests and multiple logistic and linear regression models.
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2007-2014.
A nationally representative sample of 20 676 adults aged ≥20 years.
In 2011-2014, 81·4 (se 0·6) % of adults drank plain water (sum of tap and bottled), 55·2 (se 1·4) % drank tap water and 33·4 (se 1·4) % drank bottled water on a given day. Adjusting for covariates, non-Hispanic (NH) Black and Hispanic adults had 0·44 (95 % CI 0·37, 0·53) and 0·55 (95 % CI 0·45, 0·66) times the odds of consuming tap water, and consumed B=-330 (se 45) ml and B=-180 (se 45) ml less tap water than NH White adults, respectively. NH Black, Hispanic and adults born outside the fifty US states or Washington, DC had 2·20 (95 % CI 1·79, 2·69), 2·37 (95 % CI 1·91, 2·94) and 1·46 (95 % CI 1·19, 1·79) times the odds of consuming bottled water than their NH White and US-born counterparts. In 2007-2010, water filtration was associated with higher odds of drinking plain and tap water.
While most US adults consumed plain water, the source (i.e. tap or bottled) and amount differed by race/Hispanic origin, nativity status and education. Water filters may increase tap water consumption.
瓶装水与自来水的摄入量差异可能有助于了解牙齿龋坏和水分摄入不足等健康差异的原因。我们研究了美国成年人的自来水、瓶装水和白开水的摄入差异，分析了不同社会人口特征对这些差异的影响。
横断面分析。我们使用 24 小时膳食回顾数据，通过 Wald 检验、多逻辑回归和线性回归模型，比较了不同组之间消费各种水源的百分比和平均摄入量。
国家健康和营养调查（NHANES），2007-2014 年。
年龄≥20 岁的 20676 名具有全国代表性的成年人。
在 2011-2014 年，81.4%（se0.6%）的成年人每天饮用白开水（自来水和瓶装水的总和），55.2%（se1.4%）的成年人饮用自来水，33.4%（se1.4%）的成年人饮用瓶装水。调整了混杂因素后，非西班牙裔黑人（NH）和西班牙裔成年人饮用自来水的几率分别是非西班牙裔白人（NH）的 0.44（95%CI 0.37，0.53）和 0.55（95%CI 0.45，0.66）倍，他们分别比 NH 白人少饮用 B=-330（se45）ml 和 B=-180（se45）ml 的自来水。NH 黑人和西班牙裔成年人以及出生于美国五十个州或华盛顿特区以外的成年人饮用瓶装水的几率分别是 NH 白人和美国出生的成年人的 2.20（95%CI 1.79，2.69）、2.37（95%CI 1.91，2.94）和 1.46（95%CI 1.19，1.79）倍。2007-2010 年，水过滤与饮用白开水和自来水的几率增加有关。
虽然大多数美国成年人饮用白开水，但自来水源（即自来水或瓶装水）和饮用量因种族/西班牙裔来源、出生地和受教育程度而异。水过滤器可能会增加自来水的饮用。
