Willems Yayouk E, Dolan Conor V, van Beijsterveldt Catharina E M, de Zeeuw Eveline L, Boomsma Dorret I, Bartels Meike, Finkenauer Catrin
Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Behav Genet. 2018 Mar;48(2):135-146. doi: 10.1007/s10519-018-9887-1. Epub 2018 Feb 5.
This study used a theoretically-derived set of items of the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment to develop the Achenbach Self-Control Scale (ASCS) for 7-16 year olds. Using a large dataset of over 20,000 children, who are enrolled in the Netherlands Twin Register, we demonstrated the psychometric properties of the ASCS for parent-, self- and teacher-report by examining internal and criterion validity, and inter-rater and test-retest reliability. We found associations between the ASCS and measures of well-being, educational achievement, and substance use. Next, we applied the classical twin design to estimate the genetic and environmental contributions to self-control. Genetic influences accounted for 64-75% of the variance in self-control based on parent- and teacher-report (age 7-12), and for 47-49% of the variance in self-control based on self-report (age 12-16), with the remaining variance accounted by non-shared environmental influences. In conclusion, we developed a validated and accessible self-control scale, and show that genetic influences explain a majority of the individual differences in self-control across youth aged 7-16 years.
本研究使用了基于实证评估的阿肯巴克系统中一组理论推导的项目，开发了适用于7至16岁儿童的阿肯巴克自我控制量表（ASCS）。我们利用荷兰双胞胎登记处登记的20000多名儿童的大型数据集，通过检验内部效度和效标效度以及评分者间信度和重测信度，展示了ASCS在家长报告、自我报告和教师报告方面的心理测量特性。我们发现ASCS与幸福感、学业成绩和物质使用的测量指标之间存在关联。接下来，我们应用经典双胞胎设计来估计遗传和环境对自我控制的影响。基于家长和教师报告（7至12岁），遗传影响占自我控制方差的64%至75%；基于自我报告（12至16岁），遗传影响占自我控制方差的47%至49%，其余方差由非共享环境影响解释。总之，我们开发了一个经过验证且易于使用的自我控制量表，并表明遗传影响解释了7至16岁青少年自我控制方面的大部分个体差异。
