The neural crest and evolution of the head/trunk interface in vertebrates.

The migration and distribution patterns of neural crest (NC) cells reflect the distinct embryonic environments of the head and trunk: cephalic NC cells migrate predominantly along the dorsolateral pathway to populate the craniofacial and pharyngeal regions, whereas trunk crest cells migrate along the ventrolateral pathways to form the dorsal root ganglia. These two patterns thus reflect the branchiomeric and somitomeric architecture, respectively, of the vertebrate body plan. The so-called vagal NC occupies a postotic, intermediate level between the head and trunk NC. This level of NC gives rise to both trunk- and cephalic-type (circumpharyngeal) NC cells. The anatomical pattern of the amphioxus, a basal chordate, suggests that somites and pharyngeal gills coexist along an extensive length of the body axis, indicating that the embryonic environment is similar to that of vertebrate vagal NC cells and may have been ancestral for vertebrates. The amniote-like condition in which the cephalic and trunk domains are distinctly separated would have been brought about, in part, by anteroposterior reduction of the pharyngeal domain.