Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, 609 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
Mol Diagn Ther. 2018 Apr;22(2):203-218. doi: 10.1007/s40291-018-0318-z.
Earlier identification of aggressive melanoma remains a goal in the field of melanoma research. With new targeted and immune therapies that have revolutionized the care of patients with melanoma, the ability to predict progression and monitor or predict response to therapy has become the new focus of research into biomarkers in melanoma. In this review, promising biomarkers are highlighted. These biomarkers have been used to diagnose melanoma as well as predict progression to advanced disease and response to therapy. The biomarkers take various forms, including protein expression at the level of tissue, genetic mutations of cancer cells, and detection of circulating DNA. First, a brief description is provided about the conventional tissue markers used to stage melanoma, including tumor depth. Next, protein biomarkers, which provide both diagnostic and prognostic information, are described. This is followed by a discussion of important genetic mutations, microRNA, and epigenetic modifications that can provide therapeutic and prognostic material. Finally, emerging serologic biomarkers are reviewed, including circulating melanoma cells and exosomes. Overall the goal is to identify biomarkers that aid in the earlier identification and improved treatment of aggressive melanoma.
早期识别侵袭性黑色素瘤仍然是黑色素瘤研究领域的一个目标。随着新的靶向和免疫疗法的出现，彻底改变了黑色素瘤患者的治疗方式，因此能够预测疾病进展、监测或预测治疗反应已成为黑色素瘤生物标志物研究的新焦点。在这篇综述中，重点介绍了一些有前途的生物标志物。这些生物标志物已被用于诊断黑色素瘤，以及预测疾病进展为晚期疾病和对治疗的反应。这些生物标志物有多种形式，包括组织水平的蛋白表达、癌细胞的遗传突变以及循环 DNA 的检测。首先，简要描述了用于分期黑色素瘤的常规组织标志物，包括肿瘤深度。接下来，描述了提供诊断和预后信息的蛋白生物标志物。然后讨论了重要的遗传突变、microRNA 和表观遗传修饰，它们可以提供治疗和预后方面的信息。最后，综述了新兴的血清学生物标志物，包括循环黑色素瘤细胞和外泌体。总的来说，目标是确定有助于早期识别和改善侵袭性黑色素瘤治疗的生物标志物。
