University of Queensland, Faculty of Medicine School of Public Health, Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia.
University of Surrey, Department of Chemistry FEPS, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK.
J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2018 Mar;46:10-16. doi: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.11.004. Epub 2017 Nov 10.
Elemental deficiencies or in excess effects growth and development. Pacific population are at a disadvantage due to food insecurity as compared to New Zealand European households. This study aims to evaluate the status and interrelationship of elements (essential, non-essential and toxic) in nine-year-old Pacific children who were part of the Pacific Island Families Study living in New Zealand.
This observational study included 278 eligible nine-year-old children. Essential elements (including calcium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iodine, iron, magnesium, manganese, selenium, zinc, molybdenum), non-essential and toxic elements (arsenic, aluminum, antimony, boron, cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel,) were determined in toenails and after acid digestion, analysed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis and multivariate analysis of covariance was used to identify differences in the groups of elements and the inter-correlations between elements.
The mean calcium (868μg/g Ca), selenium (0.35μg/g Se) and zinc (129μg/g Zn) concentrations were lower while the mean cadmium (0.21μg/g Cd) lead (0.86μg/g Pb) and mercury (0.72μg/g Hg) concentrations were higher than the optimal health requirements. Ethnic differences in relation to toenail elemental concentrations were observed for aluminium and iron. Gender differences were observed for aluminium, antimony, arsenic and lead. Selenium and molybdenum were inversely associated with mercury. Manganese, zinc and calcium were positively associated.
This research contributes to the understanding of the elemental concentrations for Pacific children by using tissue samples from toenails, which improves the completeness of sampling than other tissues and provides a longer exposure time frame. The study also reports several inter-correlations between essential, non-essential and toxic elements in Pacific Island population.
元素的缺乏或过量会影响生长发育。与新西兰欧洲家庭相比，太平洋岛民由于粮食不安全而处于不利地位。本研究旨在评估生活在新西兰的参与太平洋岛屿家庭研究的 9 岁太平洋儿童体内的元素（必需、非必需和有毒）的状况和相互关系。
本观察性研究纳入了 278 名符合条件的 9 岁儿童。通过酸消解后，使用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定指甲中的必需元素（包括钙、铬、钴、铜、碘、铁、镁、锰、硒、锌、钼）、非必需和有毒元素（砷、铝、锑、硼、镉、铅、汞、镍）。采用主成分分析和多变量协方差分析来识别各组元素之间的差异以及元素之间的相互关系。
平均钙（868μg/g Ca）、硒（0.35μg/g Se）和锌（129μg/g Zn）浓度较低，而平均镉（0.21μg/g Cd）、铅（0.86μg/g Pb）和汞（0.72μg/g Hg）浓度较高，高于最佳健康需求。指甲中元素浓度存在与种族有关的差异，表现为铝和铁。性别差异表现在铝、锑、砷和铅。硒和钼与汞呈负相关，锰、锌和钙呈正相关。
本研究通过使用指甲组织样本，为了解太平洋儿童的元素浓度提供了帮助，指甲组织样本比其他组织样本更完整，提供的暴露时间框架更长。该研究还报告了太平洋岛民人群中必需、非必需和有毒元素之间的一些相互关系。
