Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands.
Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands.
FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2015 Nov;39(6):892-916. doi: 10.1093/femsre/fuv029. Epub 2015 Jun 24.
Bacterial infections represent an increasing problem in modern health care, in particular due to ageing populations and accumulating bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Diagnosis is rarely straightforward and consequently treatment is often delayed or indefinite. Therefore, novel tools that can be clinically implemented are urgently needed to accurately and swiftly diagnose infections. Especially, the direct imaging of infections is an attractive option. The challenge of specifically imaging bacterial infections in vivo can be met by targeting bacteria with an imaging agent. Here we review the current status of targeted imaging of bacterial infections, and we discuss advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches. Indeed, significant progress has been made in this field and the clinical implementation of targeted imaging of bacterial infections seems highly feasible. This was recently highlighted by the use of so-called smart activatable probes and a fluorescently labelled derivative of the antibiotic vancomycin. A major challenge remains the selection of the best imaging probes, and we therefore present a set of target selection criteria for clinical implementation of targeted bacterial imaging. Altogether, we conclude that the spectrum of potential applications for targeted bacterial imaging is enormous, ranging from fundamental research on infectious diseases to diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
细菌感染是现代医疗保健中日益严重的问题，特别是由于人口老龄化和细菌对抗生素的耐药性不断增加。诊断很少是直接的，因此治疗常常被延迟或不确定。因此，迫切需要能够准确快速诊断感染的新型临床工具。特别是，直接成像感染是一个有吸引力的选择。通过用成像剂靶向细菌，可以实现对细菌感染的特异性体内成像。在这里，我们回顾了细菌感染的靶向成像的现状，并讨论了不同方法的优缺点。事实上，在这一领域已经取得了重大进展，靶向细菌感染的临床成像似乎是非常可行的。最近，所谓的智能激活探针和万古霉素的荧光标记衍生物的使用强调了这一点。一个主要的挑战仍然是选择最好的成像探针，因此，我们提出了一组针对靶向细菌成像的临床实施的目标选择标准。总的来说，我们得出的结论是，靶向细菌成像的潜在应用范围非常广泛，从传染病的基础研究到诊断和治疗应用。
