Kühne Franziska, Ay Destina Sevde, Otterbeck Mara Jasmin, Weck Florian
University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
Acad Psychiatry. 2018 Dec;42(6):773-781. doi: 10.1007/s40596-018-0886-6. Epub 2018 Feb 8.
The use of simulated and standardized patients (SP) is widely accepted in the medical field and, from there, is beginning to disseminate into clinical psychology and psychotherapy. The purpose of this study was therefore to systematically review barriers and facilitators that should be considered in the implementation of SP interventions specific to clinical psychology and psychotherapy.
Following current guidelines, a scoping review was conducted. The literature search focused on the MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Web of Science databases, including Dissertation Abstracts International. After screening for titles and abstracts, full texts were screened independently and in duplicate according to our inclusion criteria. For data extraction, a pre-defined form was piloted and used. Units of meaning with respect to barriers and facilitators were extracted and categorized inductively using content-analysis techniques. From the results, a matrix of interconnections and a network graph were compiled.
The 41 included publications were mainly in the fields of psychiatry and mental health nursing, as well as in training and education. The detailed category system contrasts four supercategories, i.e., which organizational and economic aspects to consider, which persons to include as eligible SPs, how to develop adequate scenarios, and how to authentically and consistently portray mental health patients.
Publications focused especially on the interrelation between authenticity and consistency of portrayals, on how to evoke empathy in learners, and on economic and training aspects. A variety of recommendations for implementing SP programs, from planning to training, monitoring, and debriefing, is provided, for example, ethical screening of and ongoing support for SPs.
模拟患者和标准化患者（SP）的使用在医学领域已被广泛接受，并正从该领域开始传播到临床心理学和心理治疗中。因此，本研究的目的是系统回顾在实施临床心理学和心理治疗特定的SP干预措施时应考虑的障碍和促进因素。
按照当前指南进行了一项范围综述。文献检索集中在MEDLINE、PsycINFO和科学网数据库，包括《国际学位论文摘要》。在筛选标题和摘要后，根据纳入标准对全文进行独立和重复筛选。对于数据提取，试用并使用了预先定义的表格。使用内容分析技术归纳提取和分类与障碍和促进因素相关的意义单元。根据结果编制了一个相互联系矩阵和一个网络图。
纳入的41篇出版物主要来自精神病学和心理健康护理领域以及培训和教育领域。详细的类别系统对比了四个超类别，即应考虑哪些组织和经济方面、哪些人可作为合格的SP纳入、如何制定适当的场景以及如何真实和一致地刻画心理健康患者。
出版物特别关注刻画的真实性和一致性之间的相互关系、如何在学习者中唤起同理心以及经济和培训方面。提供了从规划到培训、监测和汇报等实施SP项目的各种建议，例如对SP进行伦理审查和持续支持。
