Jensen Kelly E, Naik Nehal N, O'Neal Christina, Salmón-Mulanovich Gabriela, Riley-Powell Amy R, Lee Gwenyth O, Hartinger Stella M, Bausch Daniel G, Paz-Soldan Valerie A
Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal St, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2018 Feb 12;18(1):12. doi: 10.1186/s12914-018-0152-8.
Madre de Dios, a southern state in the Peruvian Amazon basin, has experienced rapid development as well as an influx of migrants since the construction of the Interoceanic Highway (IOH) connecting Brazil, Bolivia, and the Peruvian coast. We explored perceptions of migration and development in up to eight communities along the IOH in Madre de Dios following construction of the highway.
We conducted a multiple methods study involving focus group (FG) discussions and interviews with key informants (KIs) in eight communities in Madre de Dios. The data was used to develop and apply a survey on demographics, financial, personal, social, human, and physical capital in four communities between February 2014 and March 2015.
We conducted 12 FGs and 34 KI interviews. A total of 522 people participated in the survey. Comparing migrants (those who had moved to the area after construction of the IOH) and non-migrants, we found no difference in food security or access to health services. The majority (67.6%) of respondents from both groups reported that illness was their primary threat to well-being. Non-migrants owned more land than migrants (p < 0.001), were more likely to have piped water directly in their home (p = 0.046), and were more likely to participate in community groups (p = 0.012). Looking at perceptions about migrants, KIs and FGs discussed both positive perceptions of migrants (increased cultural exchange and new technology) and negative perceptions (increased drugs and alcohol in their communities and a lack of investment in the community). Both migrants and non-migrants reported trusting the local government more than the national government.
Although we hypothesized that migrants would have decreased access to food, water, health services, and land relative to non-migrants, our results show that the only significant differences were in land ownership and water access. Efforts to improve community infrastructure should be carried out at the local level and focus on improving issues reported by both groups, such as potable water, sewage, and increased access to health services. Furthermore, an emphasis on community cohesion, ensuring land rights, and increasing long-term job opportunities should help ease tensions between migrants and non-migrants.
秘鲁亚马逊流域的南部省份马德雷德迪奥斯，自连接巴西、玻利维亚和秘鲁海岸的跨洋公路（IOH）建成以来，经历了快速发展以及移民涌入。在该公路建成后，我们对马德雷德迪奥斯境内沿跨洋公路的多达八个社区的移民与发展认知情况进行了探究。
我们开展了一项多方法研究，涉及马德雷德迪奥斯八个社区的焦点小组（FG）讨论以及与关键信息提供者（KI）的访谈。在2014年2月至2015年3月期间，这些数据被用于编制并在四个社区开展一项关于人口统计学、金融、个人、社会、人力和物质资本的调查。
我们进行了12次焦点小组讨论和34次关键信息提供者访谈。共有522人参与了调查。对比移民（跨洋公路建成后迁至该地区的人）和非移民，我们发现他们在粮食安全或获得医疗服务方面没有差异。两组中的大多数受访者（67.6%）表示疾病是他们幸福的主要威胁。非移民拥有的土地比移民更多（p < 0.001），更有可能家中直接通有自来水（p = 0.046），并且更有可能参与社区团体（p = 0.012）。在看待对移民的认知方面，关键信息提供者和焦点小组讨论了对移民的积极认知（文化交流增加和新技术）以及消极认知（社区内毒品和酒精增加以及对社区缺乏投资）。移民和非移民都表示对地方政府的信任超过对国家政府的信任。
尽管我们假设相对于非移民，移民获得食物、水、医疗服务和土地的机会会减少，但我们的结果表明，唯一显著的差异在于土地所有权和用水情况。改善社区基础设施的努力应在地方层面开展，并专注于改善两组都提到的问题，如饮用水、污水排放以及增加获得医疗服务的机会。此外，强调社区凝聚力、确保土地权利以及增加长期就业机会应有助于缓解移民与非移民之间的紧张关系。
