Federal investments in research and development have historically supported the security of the nation, the protection of public health and the environment, the growth of new industries, and the employment of millions of Americans. However, proposed cuts to federal support and policy guidance could encourage more state governments to take on new or larger roles in developing innovation policy priorities. On October 17 and 18, 2017, the Government-University-Industry Research Roundtable held a meeting to consider how federal R&D policies affect states, and how state governments' roles in shaping local and regional innovation ecosystems will affect national R&D competitiveness and economic growth. Speakers also discussed the ways in which economic development efforts in states and regions drive innovation and economic growth. This publication briefly summarizes the presentations and discussions from the meeting.