Individualized ablation strategy guided by live simultaneous global mapping to treat persistent atrial fibrillation.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common clinical arrhythmia encountered. Catheter ablation has become the first-line therapy for symptomatic drug-refractory paroxysmal and persistent AF. Although pulmonary vein electrical isolation is still the cornerstone of the ablation strategy, the clinical outcome particularly in treating persistent AF is suboptimal. Significant efforts have been applied with live global chamber mapping of AF aimed to identify patient-specific drivers and/or maintainers located outside of the pulmonary veins to further improve the outcome of catheter ablation. Within this review, we present an overview of contemporary global chamber AF mapping technologies and characteristics, with a particular focus on global, noncontact, dipole density mapping illustrated with a clinical case of persistent AF ablation using this novel methodology.