Medicine and Health Science School, Via dei Vestini, 31-66100, Chieti, Italy.
Sci Rep. 2018 Feb 14;8(1):3031. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-21474-y.
Saliva collection is considered a non-invasive method to detect inflammatory markers in response to emotional states within natural social contexts. Numerous studies have prompted an important role of cytokines in modulating distinct aspects of social and emotional behavior. The aim of this study was to investigate the reliability of plasma and saliva as investigative tools for measure some inflammatory marker levels (CRP, IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-6). At the same time, the relationships between these markers and emotional states in response to a socio-cognitive stress (Academic Exam, AE), were considered. It was demonstrated that the plasma and saliva concentrations of all immune-mediators analyzed were significantly related across the socio-cognitive stress. In addition, when there was a close correlation to AE, the anger state, the IL-1β, the IL-18 salivary and plasmatic concentrations were significantly higher, while they decreased during the AE. On the other hand, the anxiety state and the IL-6 levels significantly increased throughout the AE. The IL-1β and IL-6 were positively associated to the anger and the anxiety state, respectively. In conclusion, our data highlight that different immune markers are similarly detectable in plasma and saliva during socio-cognitive stress. Also, they could be related to different emotional responses.
唾液采集被认为是一种非侵入性的方法，可以在自然社会环境中检测到炎症标志物，以响应情绪状态。许多研究表明细胞因子在调节社会和情绪行为的不同方面起着重要作用。本研究旨在探讨血浆和唾液作为测量某些炎症标志物水平（CRP、IL-1β、IL-18 和 IL-6）的研究工具的可靠性。同时，还考虑了这些标志物与对社会认知应激（学术考试，AE）的情绪状态之间的关系。结果表明，分析的所有免疫介质的血浆和唾液浓度在整个社会认知应激过程中均显著相关。此外，当与 AE 密切相关时，IL-1β、IL-18 的唾液和血浆浓度显著升高，而在 AE 期间则降低。另一方面，AE 期间焦虑状态和 IL-6 水平显著增加。IL-1β 和 IL-6 分别与愤怒和焦虑状态呈正相关。总之，我们的数据强调了在社会认知应激期间，不同的免疫标志物在血浆和唾液中均可被检测到。此外，它们可能与不同的情绪反应有关。
