Barriers to the availability and accessibility of controlled medicines for chronic pain in Africa.

Africans endure a high burden of pain and suffering from HIV/AIDS and cancer, yet receive a meager amount of the world's pain medication. This tragedy occurs needlessly, given that inexpensive, effective and easily administered interventions are available. WHO has a 'three-step analgesic ladder' framework for managing cancer pain. This widely adopted clinical practice guideline is an integral part of palliative care programs and has also been applied to non-cancer pain. However, untreated pain is a major public health problem due to the discordance between scientific evidence and public policy. Historically, the International Narcotics Board has taken an unbalanced prohibitionist approach to international drug control that has emphasized suppressing controlled substances over making them available for medical and scientific purposes. The procurement process for controlled pain medications in most African countries is a morass of restrictions that make it exceedingly difficult for patients to obtain these drugs. Often, these restrictions arise in part from a misunderstanding of addiction and dependence on opiates. The result has been widespread 'opiophobia' among African policy makers and physicians. A host of factors have misaligned the analgesic pharmaceutical supply chain. Taken together, access to medically necessary controlled substance in sub-Saharan Africa is suboptimal.