Management of bacterial postoperative endophthalmitis and the role of vitrectomy.

Management of postoperative bacterial endophthalmitis was explored in the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study in 1995, which has underpinned the core protocols in treatment ever since. While surgical techniques have continued to evolve, little has changed in the overall clinical management as no further large randomized controlled trials have taken place. We review the literature addressing the incidence of endophthalmitis, pathogens, antibiotic therapies, and the role of vitrectomy. We suggest an update to management protocols based on available evidence. While vitreous culture remains the gold standard for diagnosis, new techniques allow bacterial identification after antibiotic administration, so injection should be initiated immediately. Current antibiotic regimes are comprehensive and do not need changing. Intravitreal antibiotics should not be repeated at 48 hours after initial treatment. Vitrectomy should be considered instead if the clinical picture is not improving.