Proietti Valentina, Laurence Sarah, Matthews Claire M, Zhou Xiaomei, Mondloch Catherine J
Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada.
School of Psychology, Keele University, UK.
Vision Res. 2019 Apr;157:184-191. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2017.11.010. Epub 2018 Mar 9.
Adults' ability to recognize individual faces is shaped by experience. Young adults recognize own-age and own-race faces more accurately than other-age and other-race faces. The own-age and own-race biases have been attributed to differential perceptual experience and to differences in how in-group vs. out-group faces are processed, with in-group faces being processed at the individual level and out-group faces being processed at the categorical level. To examine this social categorization hypothesis, young adults studied young and older faces in Experiment 1 and own- and other-race faces in Experiment 2. During the learning phase the identity-matching group viewed faces in pairs and completed a same/different task designed to enhance attention to individuating cues; the passive-viewing group memorized faces presented individually. After the learning phase, all participants completed an identical old/new recognition task. Both passive-viewing groups showed the expected recognition bias, but divergent patterns were observed in the identity-matching groups. Whereas the identity-matching task eliminated the own-age bias, it neither eliminated nor reduced the own-race bias. Collectively, these results suggest that categorization-individuation processes do not play the same role in explaining the two recognition biases.
成年人识别个体面孔的能力受经验影响。与识别其他年龄段和其他种族的面孔相比，年轻人能更准确地识别同年龄段和同种族的面孔。同年龄段和同种族偏差被归因于不同的感知经验以及对内群体与外群体面孔的处理方式差异，其中内群体面孔在个体层面进行处理，外群体面孔在类别层面进行处理。为检验这一社会分类假设，在实验1中，年轻人研究了年轻面孔和老年面孔；在实验2中，研究了同种族面孔和其他种族面孔。在学习阶段，身份匹配组成对观看面孔，并完成旨在增强对个性化线索关注的相同/不同任务；被动观看组记忆单独呈现的面孔。学习阶段结束后，所有参与者都完成了相同的旧/新识别任务。两个被动观看组都表现出预期的识别偏差，但在身份匹配组中观察到了不同的模式。虽然身份匹配任务消除了同年龄段偏差，但既未消除也未减少同种族偏差。总体而言，这些结果表明，分类 - 个体化过程在解释这两种识别偏差时并不发挥相同作用。
