Chaskopoulou Alexandra, Miaoulis Michael, Kashefi Javid
European Biological Control Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Tsimiski 43, 54623, Thessaloniki, Greece.
European Biological Control Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Tsimiski 43, 54623, Thessaloniki, Greece.
Acta Trop. 2018 Jun;182:54-59. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.02.003. Epub 2018 Feb 16.
The Phlebotomus sand flies are considered an important vector of both canine and human leishmaniasis. Current measures for sand fly control include mostly indoor interventions, such as residual spraying of dwellings (IRS) to target endophilic sand fly species with very limited number of vector control tools for outdoor interventions against exophilic sand flies. In this study we investigated the efficacy of ground ultra low volume (ULV) space spray applications of a deltamethrin based product against field populations of P. perfiliewi, a major nuisance and pathogen-transmitting sand fly species of the Mediterranean Basin. Sand fly flight activity patterns and flight height preference within candidate treatment sites (kennels) were determined prior to treatments in order to optimize the timing and application parameters of the spray applications. On average there was a distinct activity peak between 20.00-22.00 h for both male and female P. perfiliewi with more than 45% and 30% of the population sampled occurring between 20.00-21.00 h and 21.00-22.00 h, respectively. No significant difference was observed in sand fly numbers from sticky traps placed at 0.5 up to 1.5 m height. However, there was a significant decrease in sand fly numbers at 2 m indicating a preference of sand flies to fly below 2 m. The low and high application rate of deltamethrin resulted in mean sand fly population decrease of 18 and 66%, respectively between pre-and post-treatment trap nights. The percent mean population change in the untreated control area was a positive number (30%) indicating that there was an increase in numbers of sand flies trapped between pre- and post-treatment nights. The results of this study provide strong evidence that ground ULV space spray applications when applied properly can result in significant sand fly control levels, even in a heavily infested sand fly environment such as the kennel sites used in this study.
白蛉被认为是犬类和人类利什曼病的重要传播媒介。目前控制白蛉的措施主要包括室内干预，如对住宅进行残留喷洒（IRS），以针对嗜室内白蛉物种，而针对嗜室外白蛉的室外干预的病媒控制工具数量非常有限。在本研究中，我们调查了基于溴氰菊酯的产品进行地面超低容量（ULV）空间喷雾应用对佩氏白蛉野外种群的效果，佩氏白蛉是地中海盆地一种主要的滋扰性和病原体传播白蛉物种。在处理之前，确定候选处理地点（犬舍）内白蛉的飞行活动模式和飞行高度偏好，以优化喷雾应用的时间和应用参数。平均而言，雄性和雌性佩氏白蛉在20:00至22:00之间有一个明显的活动高峰，分别有超过45%和30%的采样种群在20:00至21:00以及21:00至22:00之间出现。在0.5米至 1.5米高度放置的粘性诱捕器捕获的白蛉数量没有观察到显著差异。然而，在2米处白蛉数量显著减少，表明白蛉偏好低于2米的飞行高度。溴氰菊酯的低施用量和高施用量分别导致处理前和处理后诱捕夜之间白蛉种群平均减少18%和66%。未处理对照区域的平均种群变化百分比为正数（30%），表明处理前和处理后诱捕夜之间捕获的白蛉数量有所增加。本研究结果提供了强有力的证据，表明地面ULV空间喷雾应用如果正确施用，即使在像本研究中使用的犬舍这样白蛉大量滋生的环境中，也能实现对白蛉的显著控制水平。
