Gushchin Ivan, Gordeliy Valentin
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudniy, Russia.
University of Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France.
Subcell Biochem. 2018;87:19-56. doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-7757-9_2.
Microbial rhodopsins (MRs) are a large family of photoactive membrane proteins, found in microorganisms belonging to all kingdoms of life, with new members being constantly discovered. Among the MRs are light-driven proton, cation and anion pumps, light-gated cation and anion channels, and various photoreceptors. Due to their abundance and amenability to studies, MRs served as model systems for a great variety of biophysical techniques, and recently found a great application as optogenetic tools. While the basic aspects of microbial rhodopsins functioning have been known for some time, there is still a plenty of unanswered questions. This chapter presents and summarizes the available knowledge, focusing on the functional and structural studies.
微生物视紫红质（MRs）是一大类光活性膜蛋白，存在于所有生命王国的微生物中，新成员不断被发现。MRs包括光驱动的质子、阳离子和阴离子泵，光门控阳离子和阴离子通道，以及各种光感受器。由于它们数量丰富且易于研究，MRs成为了多种生物物理技术的模型系统，并且最近作为光遗传学工具得到了广泛应用。虽然微生物视紫红质功能的基本方面已经为人所知一段时间了，但仍有许多未解决的问题。本章介绍并总结了现有知识，重点是功能和结构研究。
