Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Nutrition, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02445, USA; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02445, USA.
University of South Carolina, Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
Appetite. 2018 Jun 1;125:323-332. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.01.035. Epub 2018 Feb 21.
Snacking makes significant contributions to children's dietary intake but is poorly understood from a parenting perspective. This research was designed to develop and evaluate the psychometrics of a theoretically grounded, empirically-informed measure of snack parenting. The Parenting around SNAcking Questionnaire (P-SNAQ) was developed using a conceptual model derived from current theory and mixed-methods research to include 20 hypothesized snack parenting practices along 4 parenting dimensions (autonomy support, structure, coercive control and permissiveness). Expert panel evaluation and cognitive interviews were used to refine items and construct definitions. The initial instrument of 105 items was administered to an ethnically diverse, low-income sample of 305 parents (92% mothers) of children aged 1-6 y participating in three existing cohort studies. The sample was randomly split into two equal samples. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted with the first sample to identify snack parenting practices within each parenting dimension, followed by confirmatory factor analysis with the second sample to test the hypothesized factor structure. Internal consistency of sub-scales and associations with existing measures of food parenting practices and styles and child weight status were evaluated. The final P-SNAQ scale included 51 items reflecting 14 snack parenting practices across four parenting dimensions. The factor structure of the P-SNAQ was consistent with prior theoretical frameworks. Internal consistency coefficients were good to very good for 12 out of 14 scales and subscale scores were moderately correlated with previously validated measures. In conclusion, initial evidence suggests that P-SNAQ is a psychometrically sound measure for evaluating a wide range of snack parenting practices in young children.
吃零食对儿童的饮食摄入有重要贡献，但从父母的角度来看，这方面的了解甚少。本研究旨在开发和评估一种基于理论、具有实证依据的零食养育度量衡的心理测量学特性。基于当前理论和混合方法研究得出的概念模型，开发了养育围绕零食问卷（P-SNAQ），包括 4 个养育维度（自主支持、结构、强制性控制和放任）下的 20 个假设性零食养育实践。专家小组评估和认知访谈用于改进项目和构建定义。最初的 105 个项目的工具被用于参与三项现有队列研究的、来自不同种族、收入较低的 305 名 1-6 岁儿童的父母（92%为母亲）。样本被随机分为两个相等的样本。第一个样本进行探索性因子分析，以确定每个养育维度中的零食养育实践，然后第二个样本进行验证性因子分析，以检验假设的因子结构。对亚量表的内部一致性以及与现有食物养育实践和风格以及儿童体重状况的衡量标准的关联进行了评估。最终的 P-SNAQ 量表包括 51 个项目，反映了四个养育维度中的 14 种零食养育实践。P-SNAQ 的因子结构与先前的理论框架一致。14 个量表中的 12 个量表的内部一致性系数良好至非常好，量表分数与先前验证过的衡量标准中度相关。总之，初步证据表明，P-SNAQ 是一种用于评估幼儿广泛的零食养育实践的心理测量学上合理的衡量标准。
