Schenck Craig A, Maeda Hiroshi A
Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
Phytochemistry. 2018 May;149:82-102. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.02.003. Epub 2018 Feb 23.
L-Tyrosine (Tyr) is an aromatic amino acid (AAA) required for protein synthesis in all organisms, but synthesized de novo only in plants and microorganisms. In plants, Tyr also serves as a precursor of numerous specialized metabolites that have diverse physiological roles as electron carriers, antioxidants, attractants, and defense compounds. Some of these Tyr-derived plant natural products are also used in human medicine and nutrition (e.g. morphine and vitamin E). While the Tyr biosynthesis and catabolic pathways have been extensively studied in microbes and animals, respectively, those of plants have received much less attention until recently. Accumulating evidence suggest that the Tyr biosynthetic pathways differ between microbes and plants and even within the plant kingdom, likely to support the production of lineage-specific plant specialized metabolites derived from Tyr. The interspecies variations of plant Tyr pathway enzymes can now be used to enhance the production of Tyr and Tyr-derived compounds in plants and other synthetic biology platforms.
L-酪氨酸（Tyr）是所有生物蛋白质合成所需的芳香族氨基酸（AAA），但仅在植物和微生物中从头合成。在植物中，Tyr还是众多特殊代谢产物的前体，这些代谢产物作为电子载体、抗氧化剂、引诱剂和防御化合物具有多种生理作用。一些源自Tyr的植物天然产物也用于人类医学和营养领域（如吗啡和维生素E）。虽然Tyr的生物合成和分解代谢途径分别在微生物和动物中得到了广泛研究，但直到最近，植物中的这些途径才受到较少关注。越来越多的证据表明，微生物和植物之间以及甚至在植物界内部，Tyr生物合成途径都存在差异，这可能是为了支持源自Tyr的特定谱系植物特殊代谢产物的产生。植物Tyr途径酶的种间差异现在可用于提高植物和其他合成生物学平台中Tyr及Tyr衍生化合物的产量。
