酒精贬值对酒精行为的不同成分有可分离的影响。
Alcohol devaluation has dissociable effects on distinct components of alcohol behaviour.
机构信息
Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK.
UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Liverpool, UK.
出版信息
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2018 Apr;235(4):1233-1244. doi: 10.1007/s00213-018-4839-2. Epub 2018 Feb 26.
RATIONALE
Substance-related behaviour is often viewed as an appetitive behaviour, motivated by the reinforcing effects of the drug. However, there are various indices of substance motivation (e.g. attentional bias, behavioural economic demand, craving) and it is unclear how these are related or whether they play an important role in all types of substance-related behaviour.
OBJECTIVES
(1) To determine the effect of alcohol devaluation on several indices of alcohol motivation and goal-directed and cue-elicited alcohol behaviour. (2) To investigate which components of motivation mediate any effect of devaluation on behaviour.
METHODS
Sixty-two social drinkers gave baseline measures of alcohol craving, behavioural economic demand and choice for alcohol vs. soft drink. Participants tasted alcohol which was either unadulterated (control) or adulterated with a bitter solution (devaluation) before craving and demand were measured again. Alcohol choice was assessed in several phases: extinction (evaluating goal-directed behaviour), in the presence of drink cues (Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT, cue-elicited behaviour)), and reacquisition. Attentional bias (AB) was measured by tracking eye movements towards the drink cues during novel PIT trials where both cues were presented. Finally, consumption was evaluated in a taste test.
RESULTS
Alcohol devaluation reduced alcohol-related demand, AB, alcohol choice in all phases, and consumption. Alcohol cues presented during PIT increased alcohol choice above baseline irrespective of devaluation. AB and demand for alcohol fully mediated the effect of devaluation on alcohol choice during extinction, AB fully mediated the effect on cue-elicited (specific PIT) alcohol choice and alcohol consumption.
CONCLUSIONS
Alcohol behaviour in social drinkers is largely sensitive to devaluation, i.e. governed by current motivational value of the drug (suggesting goal-directed behaviour). However, a dissociable form of stimulus control can also drive alcohol-seeking independently of drug value (specific PIT). Mediation analyses suggests that AB may play a paradoxical role in both forms of alcohol seeking and consumption.
原理
物质相关行为通常被视为一种欲望行为，由药物的强化作用驱动。然而，有各种物质动机的指标（例如，注意偏向、行为经济需求、渴求），目前尚不清楚这些指标之间的关系，或者它们是否在所有类型的物质相关行为中都起着重要作用。
目的
（1）确定酒精贬损对几种酒精动机指标以及目标导向和线索诱发的酒精行为的影响。（2）研究动机的哪些组成部分可以介导贬损对行为的任何影响。
方法
62 名社交饮酒者在基线时测量了酒精渴求、行为经济需求以及对酒精与软饮料的选择。在再次测量渴求与需求之前，参与者品尝了未经修饰的酒精（对照）或用苦味溶液修饰过的酒精（贬损）。在几个阶段评估了酒精选择：（1）消退（评估目标导向行为），（2）在有饮料线索的情况下（条件反射到工具性转移（PIT），线索诱发行为），（3）重新获得。通过在新的 PIT 试验中跟踪眼球运动来测量注意偏向（AB），在这些试验中同时呈现了两个线索。最后，在味觉测试中评估了饮酒量。
结果
酒精贬损降低了与酒精相关的需求、AB、所有阶段的酒精选择以及饮酒量。在 PIT 中呈现的酒精线索增加了与基线相比的酒精选择，无论是否进行贬损。AB 和对酒精的需求完全介导了贬损对消退期间酒精选择的影响，AB 完全介导了对线索诱发（特定 PIT）的酒精选择和饮酒量的影响。
结论
社交饮酒者的酒精行为在很大程度上对贬损敏感，即受药物当前动机价值的控制（表明是目标导向行为）。然而，一种分离的刺激控制形式也可以独立于药物价值驱动觅酒行为（特定 PIT）。中介分析表明，AB 可能在两种形式的觅酒和饮酒中都起着矛盾的作用。
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