Research Department, Asociación Para Evitar la Ceguera, México City, Mexico.
Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, UNAM, 04510 México City, Mexico.
Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018 Feb 1;2018:8374647. doi: 10.1155/2018/8374647. eCollection 2018.
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a well-characterized and extensively studied disease. It is currently considered the leading cause of visual disability among patients over 60 years. The hallmark of early AMD is the formation of drusen, pigmentary changes at the macula, and mild to moderate vision loss. There are two forms of AMD: the "dry" and the "wet" form that is less frequent but is responsible for 90% of acute blindness due to AMD. Risk factors have been associated with AMD progression, and they are taking relevance to understand how AMD develops: (1) advanced age and the exposition to environmental factors inducing high levels of oxidative stress damaging the macula and (2) this damage, which causes inflammation inducing a vicious cycle, altogether causing central vision loss. There is neither a cure nor treatment to prevent AMD. However, there are some treatments available for the wet form of AMD. This article will review some molecular and cellular mechanisms associated with the onset of AMD focusing on feasible treatments for each related factor in the development of this pathology such as vascular endothelial growth factor, oxidative stress, failure of the clearance of proteins and organelles, and glial cell dysfunction in AMD.
年龄相关性黄斑变性（AMD）是一种特征明确且广泛研究的疾病。它目前被认为是 60 岁以上患者视力障碍的主要原因。早期 AMD 的特征是玻璃膜疣的形成、黄斑色素变化以及轻度至中度视力丧失。AMD 有两种形式：“干性”和“湿性”，后者不太常见，但导致 90%的 AMD 急性失明。与 AMD 进展相关的风险因素正在引起重视，以了解 AMD 的发展机制：（1）年龄增长和暴露于诱导高水平氧化应激的环境因素，破坏黄斑；（2）这种损伤引起炎症，导致恶性循环，共同导致中心视力丧失。目前既没有治愈 AMD 的方法，也没有预防 AMD 的治疗方法。然而，湿性 AMD 有一些治疗方法。本文将综述与 AMD 发病相关的一些分子和细胞机制，重点关注与该病理发展相关的每个因素的可行治疗方法，如血管内皮生长因子、氧化应激、蛋白质和细胞器清除失败以及 AMD 中的神经胶质细胞功能障碍。
