van Leeuwen Casper H A
Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, Netherlands.
Front Plant Sci. 2018 Feb 13;9:153. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00153. eCollection 2018.
Many alien plants use animal vectors for dispersal of their diaspores (zoochory). If alien plants interact with native disperser animals, this can interfere with animal-mediated dispersal of native diaspores. Interference by alien species is known for frugivorous animals dispersing fruits of terrestrial plants by ingestion, transport and egestion (endozoochory). However, less attention has been paid to possible interference of alien plants with dispersal of diaspores via external attachment (ectozoochory, epizoochory or exozoochory), interference in aquatic ecosystems, or positive effects of alien plants on dispersal of native plants. This literature study addresses the following hypotheses: (1) alien plants may interfere with both internal and external animal-mediated dispersal of native diaspores; (2) interference also occurs in aquatic ecosystems; (3) interference of alien plants can have both negative and positive effects on native plants. The studied literature revealed that alien species can comprise large proportions of both internally and externally transported diaspores. Because animals have limited space for ingested and adhering diaspores, alien species affect both internal and external transport of native diaspores. Alien plant species also form large proportions of all dispersed diaspores in aquatic systems and interfere with dispersal of native aquatic plants. Alien interference can be either negative (e.g., through competition with native plants) or positive (e.g., increased abundance of native dispersers, changed disperser behavior or attracting additional disperser species). I propose many future research directions, because understanding whether alien plant species disrupt or facilitate animal-mediated dispersal of native plants is crucial for targeted conservation of invaded (aquatic) plant communities.
许多外来植物利用动物载体来传播其传播体（动物传播）。如果外来植物与本地传播动物相互作用，这可能会干扰动物介导的本地传播体的传播。外来物种的干扰在以果实为食的动物通过摄食、运输和排泄来传播陆生植物果实（内果皮传播）方面是已知的。然而，对于外来植物可能通过外部附着（外果皮传播、附生传播或体外传播）对传播体传播的干扰、在水生生态系统中的干扰，或者外来植物对本地植物传播的积极影响，关注较少。这项文献研究探讨了以下假设：（1）外来植物可能会干扰本地传播体的内部和外部动物介导的传播；（2）干扰也发生在水生生态系统中；（3）外来植物的干扰对本地植物可能既有负面影响也有正面影响。所研究的文献表明，外来物种在内部和外部传播的传播体中都可能占很大比例。由于动物摄入和附着传播体的空间有限，外来物种会影响本地传播体的内部和外部传播。外来植物物种在水生系统中所有传播的传播体中也占很大比例，并干扰本地水生植物的传播。外来干扰可能是负面的（例如，通过与本地植物竞争）或正面的（例如，本地传播者数量增加、传播者行为改变或吸引额外的传播者物种）。我提出了许多未来的研究方向，因为了解外来植物物种是否破坏或促进动物介导的本地植物传播对于有针对性地保护受入侵的（水生）植物群落至关重要。
