Parrott Andrew C
Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, South Wales, UK.
Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia.
Brain Sci. 2018 Mar 13;8(3):43. doi: 10.3390/brainsci8030043.
Many novel psychoactive substances (NPS) have entered the recreational drug scene in recent years, yet the problems they cause are similar to those found with established drugs. This article will debate the psychobiological effects of these newer and more traditional substances. It will show how they disrupt the same core psychobiological functions, so damaging well-being in similar ways. Every psychoactive drug causes mood states to fluctuate. Users feel better on-drug, then feel worse off-drug. The strength of these mood fluctuations is closely related to their addiction potential. Cyclical changes can occur with many other core psychobiological functions, such as information processing and psychomotor speed. Hence the list of drug-related impairments can include: homeostatic imbalance, HPA axis disruption, increased stress, altered sleep patterns, neurohormonal changes, modified brain rhythms, neurocognitive impairments, and greater psychiatric vulnerability. Similar patterns of deficit are found with older drugs such as cocaine, nicotine and cannabis, and newer substances such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), mephedrone and spice. All psychoactive drugs damage human well-being through similar basic neuropsychobiological mechanisms.
近年来，许多新型精神活性物质（NPS）进入了娱乐性毒品领域，然而它们所引发的问题与传统毒品类似。本文将探讨这些新型物质和更传统物质的心理生物学效应。文章将展示它们如何扰乱相同的核心心理生物学功能，从而以类似的方式损害健康。每种精神活性药物都会导致情绪状态波动。使用者在服药时感觉良好，停药后则感觉糟糕。这些情绪波动的强度与它们的成瘾潜力密切相关。许多其他核心心理生物学功能，如信息处理和精神运动速度，也会出现周期性变化。因此，与药物相关的损害清单可能包括：体内平衡失衡、下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺（HPA）轴紊乱、压力增加、睡眠模式改变、神经激素变化、脑节律改变、神经认知损害以及更高的精神疾病易感性。在可卡因、尼古丁和大麻等传统毒品以及3,4-亚甲基二氧甲基苯丙胺（摇头丸）、甲麻黄碱和香料等新型物质中，都发现了类似的缺陷模式。所有精神活性药物都通过类似的基本神经心理生物学机制损害人类健康。
