Liposek Silvester, Zenic Natasa, Saavedra Jose M, Sekulic Damir, Rodek Jelena, Marinsek Miha, Sajber Dorica
University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia.
Slovenian Swimming Federation, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
J Sports Sci Med. 2018 Mar 1;17(1):82-91. eCollection 2018 Mar.
Although coaching is considered an important determinant of athletes' potential doping behavior (PDB), there is an evident lack of studies that have examined coaching-strategy-and-training-methodology (CS&TM) in relation to PDB. This study was aimed to identify the specific associations that may exist between CS&TM -factors and other factors, and PDB in high-level swimming. The sample comprised 94 swimmers (35 females; 19.7 ± 2.3 years of age) and consisted of swimmers older than 18 years who participated in the 2017 National Championship. Variables were collected by previously validated questionnaires, with the addition of questions where athletes were asked about CS&TM to which they had been exposed. Multinomial logistic regression was applied for the criterion PDB (Negative PDB - Neutral PDB - Positive PDB). The higher risk for positive-PDB was found in males (OR: 6.58; 95%CI: 1.01-9.12); therefore, all regressions were adjusted for gender. Those swimmers who achieved better competitive result were less prone to neutral-PDB (0.41; 0.17-0.98). The positive-PDB was evidenced in those swimmers who perceived that their training was monotonous and lacked diversity (1.82; 1.41-5.11), and who were involved in training which was mostly oriented toward volume (1.76; 1.11-7.12). The lower likelihood of positive-PDB is found in those who replied that technique is practiced frequently (0.12; 0.01-0.81), those who replied that coach regularly provided the attention to explain the training aims (0.21; 0.04-0.81), and that coach frequently reviewed and discussed the quality of execution of specific tasks (0.41; 0.02-0.81). The findings on the relationships between the studied variables and PDB should be incorporated into targeted anti-doping efforts in swimming. Further studies examining sport-specific variables of CS&TM in younger swimmers and other sports are warranted.
尽管教练被认为是运动员潜在兴奋剂使用行为（PDB）的一个重要决定因素，但明显缺乏关于与PDB相关的教练策略和训练方法（CS&TM）的研究。本研究旨在确定CS&TM因素与其他因素以及高水平游泳中PDB之间可能存在的具体关联。样本包括94名游泳运动员（35名女性；年龄19.7±2.3岁），由18岁以上参加2017年全国锦标赛的游泳运动员组成。变量通过先前验证的问卷收集，并增加了询问运动员接触过哪些CS&TM的问题。对标准PDB（阴性PDB - 中性PDB - 阳性PDB）应用多项逻辑回归。发现男性出现阳性PDB的风险更高（OR：6.58；95%CI：1.01 - 9.12）；因此，所有回归均对性别进行了调整。那些取得更好比赛成绩的游泳运动员较少倾向于中性PDB（0.41；0.17 - 0.98）。在那些认为自己的训练单调且缺乏多样性的游泳运动员中出现了阳性PDB（1.82；1.41 - 5.11），以及那些参与主要以训练量为导向的训练的运动员中（1.76；1.11 - 7.12）。在那些回答经常练习技术的运动员中（0.12；0.01 - 0.81）、那些回答教练定期关注解释训练目标的运动员中（0.21；0.04 - 0.81）以及教练经常审查和讨论特定任务执行质量的运动员中（0.41；0.02 - 0.81），发现阳性PDB的可能性较低。关于所研究变量与PDB之间关系的研究结果应纳入游泳项目针对性的反兴奋剂工作中。有必要进一步研究年轻游泳运动员和其他运动项目中CS&TM的特定运动变量。
