State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China.
State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China.
Bioresour Technol. 2018 Jun;258:345-353. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.03.001. Epub 2018 Mar 9.
Malic acid (2-hydroxybutanedioic acid) is a four-carbon dicarboxylic acid, which has attracted great interest due to its wide usage as a precursor of many industrially important chemicals in the food, chemicals, and pharmaceutical industries. Several mature routes for malic acid production have been developed, such as chemical synthesis, enzymatic conversion and biological fermentation. With depletion of fossil fuels and concerns regarding environmental issues, biological production of malic acid has attracted more attention, which mainly consists of three pathways, namely non-oxidative pathway, oxidative pathway and glyoxylate cycle. In recent decades, metabolic engineering of model strains, and process optimization for malic acid production have been rapidly developed. Hence, this review comprehensively introduces an overview of malic acid producers and highlight some of the successful metabolic engineering approaches.
苹果酸（2-羟基丁二酸）是一种四碳二羧酸，由于其在食品、化工和制药行业作为许多重要工业化学品的前体而受到广泛关注。已经开发出几种成熟的苹果酸生产路线，例如化学合成、酶转化和生物发酵。随着化石燃料的枯竭和对环境问题的关注，生物法生产苹果酸引起了更多关注，主要包括三条途径，即非氧化途径、氧化途径和乙醛酸循环。近几十年来，模型菌株的代谢工程和苹果酸生产的工艺优化得到了迅速发展。因此，本文综述了苹果酸生产菌的概况，并重点介绍了一些成功的代谢工程方法。
