Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2017 Dec 6;34(1):6. doi: 10.1007/s11274-017-2349-8.
As intermediates in the TCA cycle, L-malate and its derivatives have been widely applied in the food, pharmaceutical, agriculture, and bio-based material industries. In recent years, biological routes have been regarded as very promising approaches as cost-effective ways to L-malate production from low-priced raw materials. In this mini-review, we provide a comprehensive overview of current developments of L-malate production using both biocatalysis and microbial fermentation. Biocatalysis is enzymatic transformation of fumarate to L-malate, here, the source of enzymes, catalytic conditions, and enzymatic molecular modification may be concluded. For microbial fermentation, the types of microorganisms, genetic characteristics, biosynthetic pathways, metabolic engineering strategies, fermentation substrates, and optimization of cultivation conditions have been discussed and compared. Furthermore, the combination of enzyme and metabolic engineering has also been summarized. In future, we also expect that novel biological approaches using industrially relevant strains and renewable raw materials can overcome the technical challenges involved in cost-efficient L-malate production.
作为 TCA 循环的中间产物，L-苹果酸及其衍生物已广泛应用于食品、制药、农业和生物基材料等行业。近年来，生物途径被认为是一种很有前途的方法，可以从低价原料中以具有成本效益的方式生产 L-苹果酸。在这个小型综述中，我们全面概述了使用生物催化和微生物发酵生产 L-苹果酸的最新进展。生物催化是富马酸到 L-苹果酸的酶促转化，在这里，可以总结酶的来源、催化条件和酶的分子修饰。对于微生物发酵，讨论并比较了微生物的种类、遗传特性、生物合成途径、代谢工程策略、发酵底物和培养条件的优化。此外，还总结了酶和代谢工程的结合。未来，我们还期望使用工业相关菌株和可再生原料的新型生物方法能够克服成本效益高的 L-苹果酸生产所涉及的技术挑战。
