Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, 1629 Thames Street, Suite 350, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, 1629 Thames Street, Suite 350, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Cognitive Science, Johns Hopkins University, 1629 Thames Street, Suite 350, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
Cognition. 2018 Jul;176:107-130. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2018.03.009. Epub 2018 Mar 20.
Recent work using the Picture Word Interference (PWI) paradigm has revealed that language production, similar to non-verbal tasks, shows a robust Congruency Sequence Effect (CSE), defined as a decreased congruency effect following incongruent trials. Although CSE is considered an index of adaptive control, its mechanism is debated. In two experiments, we tested the predictions of a learning model of adaptive control in production, using a task-switching paradigm fully balanced to evaluate CSE on a PWI trial as a function of the congruency of a 2-back PWI trial (within-task CSE), as well as a 1-back trial belonging to a different task (cross-task CSE). The second task was a visuospatial task with congruent and incongruent trials in Experiment 1, and a self-paced reading task with ambiguous and unambiguous sentences in Experiment 2 that imposed a gap between the two PWI trials twice as long of that in Experiment 1. A learning model posits that CSE is the result of changes to the connection weights between task-specific representations and a control center, which leads to two predictions in our paradigm: (a) a robust within-task CSE unaffected by the intervening trial and the gap duration, and (b) an absent or reversed cross-task CSE. These predictions were contrasted with two versions of an activation model of CSE. In accord with the predictions of the learning model, we found robust within-task CSE in PWI in both Experiments with a comparable effect size. Similarly, evidence of within-task CSE was also found in the visuospatial and sentence reading tasks. On the other hand, examination of cross-task CSE from PWI to the other tasks and vice versa revealed either absent or reversed CSE. Collectively, these results support a learning model of adaptive control in language production.
最近使用图片词汇干扰范式（Picture Word Interference，PWI）的研究表明，语言产生与非言语任务相似，表现出强大的一致性序列效应（Congruency Sequence Effect，CSE），即紧随在不一致试验后的一致性效应减小。尽管 CSE 被认为是自适应控制的指标，但它的机制仍存在争议。在两项实验中，我们使用任务转换范式检验了自适应控制的学习模型的预测，该范式完全平衡，以评估作为前一个 PWI 试验一致性（任务内 CSE）的函数的 PWI 试验上的 CSE，以及属于不同任务的 1 个回溯试验（跨任务 CSE）。第二个任务是实验 1 中的视觉空间任务，包含一致和不一致的试验，以及实验 2 中的自定步速阅读任务，其中两个 PWI 试验之间的间隔是实验 1 的两倍。学习模型假定 CSE 是任务特定表示和控制中心之间的连接权重变化的结果，这导致我们的范式中有两个预测：（a）不受干预试验和间隔持续时间影响的强大任务内 CSE，以及（b）不存在或反转的跨任务 CSE。这些预测与 CSE 的两种激活模型版本进行了对比。与学习模型的预测一致，我们在两个实验中的 PWI 中均发现了强大的任务内 CSE，且效应大小相当。同样，在视觉空间和句子阅读任务中也发现了任务内 CSE 的证据。另一方面，对从 PWI 到其他任务以及反之的跨任务 CSE 的检查显示，要么不存在 CSE，要么出现反转。总体而言，这些结果支持语言产生中自适应控制的学习模型。
